1. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pharmacology Chapter 15

2. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction Pharmacology Drug –Side effect –Drug interaction –Addiction –Habit-forming Medicines © Cengage Learning 2013

3. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Names Brand names –Capitalized –Registered trademarks ® –Bayer Generic names –Not capitalized –Unprotected –Less expensive –Aspirin

4. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Prescriptions Parts of written prescription –Heading –Superscription –Body Rx symbol Inscription Subscription –Closing

5. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reference Texts for Pharmacology Council on Dental Therapeutics Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

6. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions a.a. –Of each a.c. –Before meal b.i.d. –Twice a day t.i.d. –Three times a day q.i.d. –Four times a day

7. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions q.h. –Every hour q.4.h. –Every four hours q.8.h. –Every eight hours sig. –Take p.c. –After meals p.r.n. –When necessary or as needed

8. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check Amoxicillin 500 mg; 1 cap t.i.d p.c. x 10 days What are the patient dosing instructions? –Take one capsule three times a day after meals for 10 days

9. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Laws Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control (1970)

10. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Enforcement FDA Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

11. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 Schedule I –High potential for abuse –No accepted medical use E.g., heroin

12. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 Schedule II –High potential for abuse –Accepted medical use E.g., morphine Schedule III –Lower potential for abuse and medical use E.g., stimulants

13. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 Schedule IV –Less potential for abuse –Accepted medical use E.g., antianxiety drugs Schedule V –Least potential for abuse E.g., over-the-counter © Cengage Learning 2013

14. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check Which drug schedule does Tylenol ® with codeine fall under? –Schedule III

15. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Assistants and the Law Maintain accurate records Phone or e-mail prescriptions Maintain controlled substances Serve as liaison with pharmaceutical representatives and pharmacist

16. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Administration Routes Oral Topical Inhalation Sublingual Rectal © Cengage Learning 2013

17. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug Administration Routes Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Transdermal

18. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check Which route of administration is shown in the picture? –Transdermal © Cengage Learning 2013

19. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Know signs and symptoms of individuals under influence of drugs Have knowledge of prescribed and illegal drugs and how drugs interact

20. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Analgesics –Loss of pain without loss of sensation –OTC drugs: E.g., ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen –Prescription drugs E.g., codeine, morphine

21. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Analgesics –Side effects: Nausea Vomiting Constipation Breathing difficulties

22. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Antibiotics –Used to treat infection –Derived from fungi and molds or manufactured synthetically –Broad-spectrum treat wide range of bacteria

23. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Antibiotics –Sometimes prescribed to prevent infection –Side effects: Nausea Diarrhea Allergic rash

24. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Penicillin –First group of antibiotic drugs to be discovered –Still used to treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia –Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin

25. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Erythromycin –Used by children and individuals allergic to penicillin in place of Tetracycline –Can be taken as capsule, liquid, injection, and ointment

26. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Erythromycin –Side effects: Stomach pain Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea

27. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Anticholinergics –Used to reduce secretions in lungs prior to surgery –Treats abnormally slow heart rates in emergencies –Dilates eyes for exam

28. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Anticoagulants –Prevents blood from clotting –E.g., Heparin –May lead to bleeding complications

29. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Anticonvulsants –Suppresses seizure activity –E.g., Dilantin –Can cause gingival hyperplasia

30. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Antidiabetics –Lower glucose levels in blood Antidepressant –E.g., Prozac

31. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Antifungal agents –Treat infections caused by fungi –Available as tablets, suspension, creams, injections, and suppositories –Side effects: Skin irritation Liver and kidney damage

32. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Antihistamine –Relieve allergy symptoms Anti-hypertensive –Lower blood pressure Anti-inflammatory –Reduce pain and inflammation

33. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Antilipidemic –Lowers cholesterol Antithyroid Bronchodilator –Opens airways Contraceptives Decongestants

34. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Diuretic Hemostatic Hormone replacement Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) Nitrates

35. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drugs Prescribed Tranquilizers –Produce sedative effect –Reduce tensions and anxieties

36. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check Which class might be prescribed to a patient to lower the patient’s blood pressure? –Anti-hypertensive

37. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nicotine Uses: –No useful purpose Effects: –Could lead to heart disease –Promotes high risk of oral and lung cancer –Causes tooth staining, periodontal diseases, and halitosis

38. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Caffeine Uses: –No useful purpose Effects: –Causes heart to work harder –Affects nervous system –May cause or irritate ulcers –Too much may be fatal

39. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Alcohol Uses: –No useful purpose Effects: –Affects judgment and coordination –Slows reactions –Causes cirrhosis –Slows down body processes

40. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Marijuana Uses: –Derivative –Cancer treatment to decrease nausea and regurgitation Effects: –Increases heart rate –Causes lung tissue damage –Causes reproductive system disorders –Deteriorates coordination –Decreases ability to think and speak clearly

41. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cocaine Uses: –Medical use has been reduced because it causes physical and psychological dependency Effects: –Heart problems –Mental disorders –Violent behavior –Death

42. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Narcotics Addictive depressants used to relieve pain –Heroin –Morphine –Codeine

43. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Amphetamines Group of stimulant drugs (uppers) –Increases heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure Causes loss of appetite, nervousness, and restlessness Medically treats narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children

44. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hallucinogens Drugs that cause people to see and hear images and sounds that do not exist –Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) –Phencyclidine (PCP) –Mescaline –Psilocybin

45. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Barbiturates Sedative drugs that depress brain activity –Amobarbital –Pentobarbital –Secobarbital –Phenobarbital Given to dental patients with severe anxiety

46. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dental Check Which illegal drug has become a big problem in the U.S.? –Methamphetamine

47. ©2013 Delmar, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Herbal and Alternative Medications Consult dentist Caution patients