2. Atmospheric gases that absorb the emanating radiation are greenhouse gases. By absorbing and re-emitting this radiation, they warm Earth’s atmosphere and surface, like a greenhouse. This is popularly called the greenhouse effect. Global warming potential = the relative ability of one molecule of a given greenhouse gas to contribute to global warming.

4. According to the graph below, what wavelength of energy does the Earth receive in the greatest intensity?

5. Name the primary gas which absorbs ultraviolet (UV) from the sun.

6. Name the three primary gases which absorb infrared (IR) energy

7. Why is the ozone layer important? It protects the Earth from UV which damages crops and causes cancer in humans.

8. Explain the greenhouse effect. Include a diagram which shows the change in wavelength.

9. Just like a greenhouse, the gases in the atmosphere ---especially CO 2 --- absorb re-radiated infrared energy.

11. Green House Gasses: None Like it Hot

12. Carbon dioxide = primary greenhouse gas But molecule for molecule, methane traps 23 times the heat of CO 2 nitrous oxide traps 296 times the heat of CO 2 HFC-23 traps 12,000 times the heat of CO 2

13. CO 2 concentration has increased 33% in the past 200 years. It is now at its highest level in 400,000 years, and probably 20 million years.

14. Due mainly to: Burning of fossil fuels: We remove and combust carbon- rich fuels from the ground where they have been stored for millions of years, sending CO 2 into the atmosphere. Deforestation: Cutting down trees, removing vegetation from the land, decreases the sink for carbon.

15. Nitrous oxide: Up 17% since 1750 From feedlots, chemical plants, auto emissions, agricultural practices Up 151% since 1750 Methane: From fossil fuels, landfills, cattle, rice crops

16. Halocarbon gases (which include CFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases. But their effects are slowing due to the Montreal Protocol. Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Its future changes, if any, remain uncertain.

17. Aerosols (microscopic particles and droplets) in the atmosphere can: warm the climate (soot), or cool the climate (sulfates). Sulfate-rich volcanic eruptions can cool Earth temporarily.

18. These 3 types of cycles also affect climate in the long term. Wobble of Earth’s axis Variation of Earth’s orbit Variation of Earth’s tilt

19. The oceans also affect the planet’s climate. Surface currents carry warm water from equatorial regions to the North Atlantic, then cool and sink. This keeps Europe warmer than it would be otherwise.

20. If global warming causes enough of Greenland’s ice sheet to melt, freshwater runoff into the north Atlantic could shut down current and abruptly change the climate of Europe and eastern North America. Such “abrupt climate change” would not be as rapid and dramatic as in the fictional Hollywood movie “The Day After Tomorrow,” but would have major consequences nonetheless.

21. Volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, while volcanic carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, has the potential to promote global warming. The sulfur aerosols increase the reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space, cooling the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere.

22. If an asteroid were to strike land or a shallow body of water, it would eject an enormous amount of dust, ash, and other material into the atmosphere, blocking the radiation from the sun. This would cause the global temperature to decrease drastically.

23. Scientists have recorded carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere directly since 1958, at a station in Hawaii. The data show a steady upward climb from 315 to 373 ppm. (The up and down zigzags are from regular winter-summer fluctuations.)

24. Computer simulations that use known behavior of past climate to analyze how climate should behave as variables are changed Coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) are models that combine, or couple, the effects of both atmosphere and ocean. To predict what will happen to climate in the future, scientists use climate models:

25. Natural or anthropogenic factors ONLY = poor fit. BOTH types of factors = excellent fit.

26. In 2001, the world’s climate scientists combined to produce the single most comprehensive and authoritative research summary on climate change: The Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which summarized all scientific data on climate change, future predictions, and possible impacts.

27. First, the IPCC report established that global temperature is rising. Direct measurements from thermometers since 1860 demonstrate this.

28. Proxy indicators of temperature (from pollen, ice cores, etc.) were reviewed to establish ancient temperatures. These data (BLUE) overlapped with the direct temperature measurements (RED). (Gray shows statistical uncertainty.)

32. The IPCC also reported findings on physical changes: Average sea level increased 10–20 centimeters (4–8 inches) during 20 th century. 2 weeks less ice cover on northern lakes and rivers. Arctic sea ice thinned 10–40% in recent decades. Mountain glaciers melted back worldwide. Snow cover decreased 10% since satellite observations began. Growing season lengthened 1–4 days each decade over the past 40 years.

33. Biological changes were also found by the IPCC: Geographic ranges of many species have shifted toward the poles and up in elevation. In spring, plants are flowering earlier, birds migrating earlier, animals breeding earlier, and insects emerging earlier. Coral reefs are “bleaching” more frequently.

34. Global warming is causing glaciers to shrink and polar ice shelves to break away and melt. The increased flow of water into the oceans lead to sea level rise. Sea level is also rising because ocean water is warming, causing water to expand in volume. Higher sea levels lead to beach erosion, coastal flooding, intrusion of saltwater into aquifers, etc.

35. Storm surge = temporary and localized rise in sea level caused by high tides and winds associated with storms Storm surges impact small islands as well as low- lying coastal areas in countries like the U.S. This vulnerability became dramatically apparent in 2005 when Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans and the Gulf Coast of the U.S.

36. A 51-centimeters (20-inches) sea level rise would inundate wetlands (red) and drylands (orange) on all U.S. coasts.

37. Areas on all U.S. coasts would suffer erosion. Dramatic flooding from storm events like Hurricane Katrina could become more frequent.

38. The IPCC and other groups have predicted future impacts of climate change. Predictions for the U.S. include: Temperature will rise 3–5°C (5–9°F). Droughts, floods, snowpack decline, and water shortages will create diverse problems. Temperature extremes will cause health problems; tropical diseases will move north into the U.S. Sea level rise will flood coastal wetlands, real estate. Ecosystems will be altered; some will disappear. Agriculture and forestry may have mixed results.

39. The Canadian model (a) predicts Illinois to be warmer and drier in the future. The Hadley model (b) predicts a warmer and moister climate.

40. Distribution of forest types will change Current 2 future scenarios

41. Two models show big increases in July heat index for the next 100 years, especially in the central and southeast U.S. (Heat index combines temperature and humidity.)

42. Deaths from summer heat waves will increase.

43. Ice caps and glaciers accumulated over thousands or millions of years. They contain bubbles of gas preserved from the time when each layer formed. Scientists drill cores and analyze the gas bubbles in each layer to see what the atmosphere was like then.

44. Scientists also drill cores into the sediments of ancient lake beds. By identifying types of pollen grains in each layer, they can tell what types of plants were growing there at the time. Sources of this type of indirect evidence are proxy indicators.

45. Layers of sediments, known as varves, show light colored sediments that are often washed into a lake during the spring melt, topped by a darker material that contains organics from a summer algal bloom. Varved sediments therefore lend themselves well to biological, chemical, and mineralogical testing that can indicate very specific yearly data about climate and environmental change.

46. Fossils provide evidence of Earth's climate and how it has changed over millions of years. Paleontologists look for fossil clues to interpret climate (including temperature and precipitation) of fossil ecosystems.

51. The Earth’s climate has changed both gradually and catastrophically over geological and historical time frames due to complex interactions between many natural variables and events. The Earth has undergone five major ice ages in its history. The most recent, the Pleistocene, started about 2,000,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago. There is ample evidence of this as shown by glacial deposits as far south as the Ohio River. Michigan’s morphology was largely produced by the last glacial period, the Wisconsin Ice Age.

52. Today's landscape gives clues to the climate of the past. Glaciers for instance, left telltale signs of their activity. Glaciers also pick up pieces of rock and gravel and, as they move forwards, this debris scratches grooves called 'striations' into the rocks on the valley floor.

53. Different species of plants and animals need different conditions to survive. Some plants and animals can be very sensitive to climate and do not adapt easily to change (Corals). Like other plants and animals they may require specific living conditions, but they are more abundant and are found in many types of sedimentary rocks. Because of this they can be a useful indicator of how climate has changed over a period of time.