1. “... I saw that the whole solution to this problem lay in political freedom for our people, for it is only when a people are politically free that other races can give them the respect that is due to them. It is impossible to talk of equality of races in any other terms. No people without a government of their own can expect to be treated on the same level as peoples of independent sovereign states. It is far better to be free to govern or misgovern yourself than to be governed by anybody else.... ” — Kwame Nkrumah What else does a new nation need besides self- determination to be successful?

2. Aim: How was the Congo an example of a failure of decolonization?

3. Why did the Europeans imperialize and colonize Africa? Neo-colonialism What was important to Europeans when decolonizing? – ability to continue to control these nations $$$

4. Legacy of Imperialism The boundary problem – no natural states – ethnic and tribal divisions

5. Ethnicity in Western Africa

6. Ethnicity in Nigeria Nigeria is bigger than Greece, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia combined

7. Ethnic Division in Congo (Minimized)

8. Ethnic Divisions (Overstated)

9. Legacies of Imperialism The boundary problem – no natural states – ethnic and tribal divisions No education – Ghana – population of 15 million; 300 7th graders in 1960 No preparation for independence – no leaders who can unite nations US, Britain, France preferred leaders who could be controlled to continue western economic domination

10. Congo is the size of the Louisiana Purchase; Slightly smaller than India; 2/3 the size of the European Union

11. Congo: All natural resources; still tied to former colonial power

12. Colonel MobutuPresident Mobutu Which of Fanon ’ s “ phases ” in each picture?

13. Legacies of Imperialism Leaders only interested in enriching themselves and plunder – no interest in national development No connections between the leaders and the people All or most of the industry in the nation is owned and controlled by foreign companies No economic or cultural cohesion One product economies – no diversification, generally low technology raw materials All technical knowledge and expertise stays in hands of foreigners

14. Social Indicators

17. Rebel Held Areas Rebellions based on both ethnicity and “ warlordism ” - control of resources