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Clip. Do you think love is an emotion?  When you are experiencing love, how does…  Your behavior change?  Facial expressions, approach/avoidance, vocal.

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Presentation on theme: "Clip. Do you think love is an emotion?  When you are experiencing love, how does…  Your behavior change?  Facial expressions, approach/avoidance, vocal."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Do you think love is an emotion?  When you are experiencing love, how does…  Your behavior change?  Facial expressions, approach/avoidance, vocal tone  Your physiology change?  SNS Activation, PNS Activation, Brain Activity  Your cognitive appraisals change?  What are your thoughts?  Your subjective feelings change?  Valence versus Arousal

3 Is Love an Emotion?  Yes!  William James, Phil Shaver, Barbara Fredrickson, Lazarus  No!  It’s a mixed emotion (Izard, Ekman)  It’s an attitude (Ekman; Hendricks)  It’s a stage (Sternberg)  Dimensional Theorists – Russell & Barrett, Watson & Russell  Initial Research applied the prototype approach to answer this question.

4 Prototype Approach: List as many examples as you can for the category EMOTION… (Fehr & Russell, 1984)

5 What is the best example of an emotion? (Fehr & Russell, 1984) Worst 1 Best 6 Happiness (5.00) Love (5.46) Anger (5.15) Hate (5.26) Sadness (5.04) Joy (4.89) Fear (4.78)

6 List 5 Characteristics: How do you know when you are in love? Not Very Common Very Common 17

7 Passionate LoveCompanionate Love TrustPositive Mood Sexual Desire: physiological arousal Sexual Intimacy: open communication with partner about sexuality Exclusivity, SatisfactionTrust, Tolerance, Commitment, Intimacy IdealizationRelaxedness/calmness Positive Emotions : joy/rapture, happiness, contentment Positive Emotions: joy, contentment Negative Emotion: JealousyNot associated with negative emotions: anger, hatred, anxiety, loneliness Intense; Fleeting / short-lived Slow onset (Regan et al., 1998; Lamm & Weismann, 1997)

8 Prototype Approach  People consider love to be the best representation of an emotion  When probed further, people identify the following components of love:  Appraisals (commitment, trust, idealization etc.)  Positive and Negative Emotions  Physiological arousal (sexual desire)  Behavior (sexual intimacy)  What are some problems with using the prototype approach to determine whether love is an emotion?  If love is an emotion, it seems like we may have 2-3 types of love emotions.

9 Love as a Basic Emotion: Eliciting Stimulus  Eliciting Stimulus: Momentary surges of love, in reaction to an eliciting stimulus

10 Love as a Basic Emotion: Eliciting Stimulus  Surges of Love: eliciting stimulus is the other person toward whom we feel love  Momentary surges of love, in reaction to an eliciting stimulus  Sometimes we love our partners, sometimes we don’t!  Barbara Fredrickson Barbara Fredrickson  Not an eliciting stimulus, but a plot (Ekman)  Love includes at least 2 people and a context  Characteristic story or script  If context is required to experience emotion, then not a basic emotion  Individual Difference Variable, not a momentary emotion  I can be mad at my partner, but still love them!

11 Love as a Basic Emotion: Eliciting Stimulus and Cog Apps  Manipulation #1:  Self Condition: Write about moments when felt particularly in love or loving  Typical Condition: describe what typically happens when a person feels in love or loving  DV: Experimenter Coding  Causes of love  Responses to love

12 Love as a Basic Emotion: Eliciting Stimulus and Cog Apps  Causes (Eliciting Stimuli):  Finding the other attractive  Felling loved by the other  Communicating easily / openly with the other  Responses (Cognitive Appraisals):  Being obsessed with the other  Being forgetful or distracted, daydreaming about the other  Wanting to spend time with the other  Feeling self-confident and energetic because of the other

13 Love as a Basic Emotion: Cognitive Appraisals  Early Stage / Passionate Love  Exhilaration, intrusive thinking, craving for emotional union  Late Stage/ Companionate Love  Calm, security, social comfort, emotional union  What are Tom’s appraisals? (start at 6:30) What are Tom’s appraisals? (start at 6:30)  Could be that as our appraisals change, our emotions change

14 Love as a Basic Emotion: Behavior Changes  Cat Cat  Tenderness, proximity seeking  Think attachment!  Mimicry - Behavioral synchrony  Mutual gaze time and manipulating gaze (Rubin, 1973; Kellerman, Lewis, & Laird, 1989)

15 Love as a Basic Emotion: Behavior Change – 4 Gaze Conditions  Gazing at each other’s hands  Having 1 partner gaze at eyes of partner, who is looking away  Have both partners look in eyes to count eyeblinks  Gazing into each other’s eyes to gain rapport (Rubin, 1973; Kellerman, Lewis, & Laird, 1989)

16 Love as a Basic Emotion: Facial Expressions  Darwin: Maternal vs. Romantic  Ekman: No unique facial expression  Could be positive – “I love you”  Could be negative – “Don’t cross the street!”  Love facial expressions are distinct from joy  Love/Eroticism Expression: semi-closed eyes  Love/Tenderness Expression: slight smile, slight head tilt

17 Love as a Basic Emotion: Facial Expressions  Manipulation #1:  Joy and Happiness  Love  Sadness  Anger  DV = judges ratings of facial expressions

18 Love as a Basic Emotion: Facial Expressions Well, let me tell you. Now that I'm in love, 1 think about John (Susan) constantly. I can twist any conversation around in my mind so that it's really about him (her). I imagine what he (she) would say to me and how I might tell him (her) things 1 have never told anyone else before. When I see him (her), POW! my heart takes a leap, my cheeks flush, and I can't help smiling. At night before I go to bed, l think of how adorable he (she) is and how much I love him (her).

19 Love as a Basic Emotion: Facial Expressions

20 Love as a Basic Emotion: Physiological Changes  SNS: Blushing, ↑ HR, ↑ Sweat  PNS: ↓ HR, ↓Sweat  Increase in vasopressin, oxytocin, dopamine  Brain Activation (positively correlated with intensity of passionate love)  Insula  Cingulate Cortex – laughter, joy, amusement, social interactions  Caudate Nucleus/Putamen – dopamine release; reward circuit  Ventral Tegmental Area – dopamine cells

21 Love as a Basic Emotion: Is love universal?  Anthropological data from166 non-Western cultures  Folklore, poems, literature, etc.  Themes of romantic love present in 88.5% of cultures  But, love absent in 19 cultures  But only 1 explicitly stated romantic love did not exist  Could be b/c these cultures lacked discussion of motivations for sexual relationships  Seems the theme of love is partially universal. (Jankowiak & Fischer, 1992)

22 Is love universal?  Prototype Approach: US versus China  List all the features of love. Caring happiness trust sharing commitment honest/sincerity, understanding excitement warmth giving Pain sadness loneliness sacrifice, pain, jealousy, unrequited love, being tied down, separation, loss betrayal/desertion time consumption conflict


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