1. Bacteria By: Winnie Mitchell, Sara Eckelmeyer, Shahlo Solieva, and Jade Veit

2. Overview JadeSara WinnieShahlo Wrap-up

3. Overview Bacteria is a group of single-cell microorganisms They are prokaryotes meaning they don't have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles They are classified by cell wall, shape, and genetic make-up JV

4. 1st Kingdom of Bacteria… Eubacteria Also known as Bacteria Cell walls are made of Peptidoglycan CANNOT survive in extreme environments (temps. > 100 degrees Celsius) Very rare to find introns in the cells Example: Escherichia Coli or E-coli JV

5. 2nd Kingdom of Bacteria… Archaebacteria Also known as Archaea Does not contain Peptidoglycan CAN survive in extreme environments (temps. > 100 degrees Celsius) Introns are present in the cells Example: Crenarchaeota JV

6. BOTH Kingdoms The 2 kingdoms are both Prokaryotes Single-Celled Evolved from a common ancestor Do NOT contain… Organelles Nucleus Nuclear envelope JV

7. Comparison JV Eubacteria BOTH Archaebacteria ➔ Cell wall ARE made of Peptidoglycan ➔ CANNOT survive in extreme conditions ➔ Very rare to find introns in the cells ➔ 2 kingdoms are Prokaryotes ➔ Single-celled ➔ Evolved from a common ancestor ➔ Both do NOT contain… ◆ Organelles ◆ Nucleus ◆ Nuclear Envelope ➔ Does NOT contain Peptidoglycan ➔ CAN survive in extreme conditions ➔ Introns are present in cells

8. 3 Different Shapes of Eubacteria Common Name Scientific Name 1.Sphere 2.Rod 3.Spiral 1.Coccus 2.Bacillus 3.Spirilla

9. What is Eubacteria? Eubacteria- prokaryotic cells that are characterized by unique traits It’s very common in our daily lives and can kill people, but is also used as antibiotics to digest food Eubacteria is known and defined as “true” bacteria SE

10. Classifying Eubacteria Shape: Eubacteria comes in three unique shapes The common shapes are spherical, rod, and spiral Eubacteria is unicellular SE

11. Classifying Eubacteria Cell Wall Structure: Classified by type of cell wall they have They have a rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan instead of cellulose Peptidoglycan- a substance that forms in many cell walls of bacteria SE

12. Classifying Eubacteria Carbon and Energy Sources: Eubacteria are both Heterotrophs and Autotrophs Autotrophic- Energy must be gotten by consuming food, while carbon is gotten from photosynthesis Heterotrophic- Both energy and carbon must be gotten from food SE

13. Gram Staining Divides bacterial species Gram positive Gram negative First step for identifying bacteria WM

14. Gram Staining Chemical and physical properties Detects peptidoglycan Gram positive has higher peptidoglycan WM

15. Gram staining Staining with crystal violet Decolonization Counter staining WM

16. Objectives Step 1: Dye bacteria Step 2: Test of the crystal violet stays Step 3: Stain with iodine WM

17. Aid of Flagella Flagella extends from cell walls of bacteria Different forms of flagella Rotate in a coordinated way to push organism SS

18. Aid of Pili Tiny hair-like structures on bacteria Use it to move along a surface Ex: Salmonella bacteria SS

19. Moving in Crowds Bacteria seek out each other and join together Can join to create a biofilm SS

20. Chemotaxis Involuntary Dependent on environment- chemical cues Random walking: tracking down a chemical stimulant Tumble: a short pause that allows it to reorient itself SS

21. Eubacteria SS Peptidoglycan FlagellumDNAPili Cell Wall Cell Membrane Ribosome

22. SS Eubacteria

23. Bacteria Summary Bacteria is responsible for the breakdown of organic waste Bacteria is classified by unique characteristics Bacteria and its classification are constantly evolving SE