1. PLOSKY TOLBACHIK VOLCANO IN KAMCHATKA ERUPTS AFTER 40 YEARS January 6, 2013 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. PLOSKY TOLBACHIK SPEWS ASH 4 KM: JAN. 6, 2013

3. The Plosky Tolbachik volcano, which emitted lava, poisonous gases, and ash, is located in Kamchatka peninsula, hundreds of miles (km) from the nearest residential areas.

4. Tourists rushing to the area to view the once-in-40 years spectacle have been warned about the toxic gases.

5. Until the lava-spewing fissure that occurred on November 27, 2012, and the current eruption phase, Plosky Tolbachik had been dormant since 1976.

6. The current eruption, which is expected to continue for some time, has not yet forced any changes in the airline flight patterns over this part of Russia.

7. This type of eruption, known as a strombolian eruption, is usually moderate.

8. BACKGROUND

9. VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland) and in subduction zones (e.g., along almost the entire Pacific Rim).

10. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

11. ACTIVE VOLCANOES

12. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION VOLCANOES RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK VOLCANO DISASTER RISK REDUCTION PREVENTION/MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

13. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

14. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) LAVA FLOWS AND TOXIC GASES LAHARS EARTHQUAKES (related to the movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER”

15. LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

16. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF VOLCANO RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

17. VOLCANOES CAUSING MAJOR LOSS OF LIFE Three past volcanic eruptions caused major loss of life: 1) Krakatoa, Indonesia, where 32,000 were killed in 1883; 2) Mt. Pelee, Martinique, where 29,000 were killed in 1902; and 3) Nevada del Ruiz, Colombia, where 23,000 were killed in 1985.

18. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR VOLCANOES FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WINDS) WARNING SYSTEMS FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WINDS) WARNING SYSTEMS DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO COMPUTER MODELS OF VOLCANOES MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO COMPUTER MODELS OF VOLCANOES MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT

19. MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES.