1. VIEWING TEXTS THROUGH NEW LENSES Literary Criticism

2. Key Vocabulary Ideology Binary Literary Theory Literary Criticism  9 types: Reader Response, Gender, Biographical, Historical, Marxist (Social Power), Formalist, Postcolonial (Race), Archetypal, Psychological POV/Point of View

3. Ideology An “ideology” is a world view, or way of thinking, that a person takes from the world around them.  It is nearly always unconscious, but everyone has one  It includes a persons biases, or prejudices  It can work to keep things the way they are and preserve the power of a particular group  Think of the South during slavery, or during the Civil Rights movement of the 60s– nobody wanted change because they were used to things and did not know what would result from it.  It is often good to challenge or question them, and sometimes to actively resist them. http://www.cheaptoys.co.uk/ideology-the- war-of-ideas-board-game/ Ideology board game, featuring warring political ideologies

4. Putting on New Lenses Every person’s ideology colors the way they perceive the world around them, and determines what things they will consider important  How you grew up and what you believe will affect what stands out to you Literary criticism is about putting on a new set of lenses in order to see things differently  This means that some things that might ordinarily seem important will disappear, and new things will stand out http://sales.buysmrt.com/s/feelin+groovy+glasses

5. Binaries A binary is a group of two things that are considered to be opposites. Generally, we ignore any middle ground in a binary, but often the two ends are defined by one another. Power Light Straight Male White Rich Dark Gay Female Black Poor What are other examples of binaries?

6. Literary Theory Literary theorists and critics usually work through one or two ideologies, or lenses, at a time.  Sometimes these are naturally there for a particular critic  A female critic might look for how a text treats women,  A person who grew up in poverty might seek out references to social power http://www.ehow.com/how_2071684_use-marxist-literary-criticism.html

7. Changing Your POV Sometimes critics purposely change lenses (often switching sides of a binary)  A white person could look for references to racial inequality  A man may look for how a text treats women Students do this all the time, but usually without realizing it!  It is often teacher-directed.  We look for elements of a genre, or evidence of an author’s beliefs– all lenses! Image Title: Students in class, Pitzer College Description/Notes: A view of students in a class at Pitzer College as seen through the eye glasses of the professor. http://www.flickr.com/photos/53970289@N06/5097239229/

8. Types of Criticism It’s common for a whole branch of criticism to spring up in support of a “power down” group  Gender criticism, Social Power criticism, Postcolonial criticism (which looks at race, too) Each one represents a different way of looking at a text  Each reveals something different from the others http://joshflom.wordpress.com/2011/02/14/the- world-through-anothers-lens/

9. Structure of Lit.Crit. Slides Assumptions  These are the basic ideas a critic needs to have in mind in order to look through this lens.  Together, these ideas define the type of criticism  May or may not be the critic’s own personal beliefs about a work.  Often these are not a person’s natural beliefs, but rather they are adopted for a time, such as when looking at a particular work. Strategies  These are ways to use the lens to view a text  May include questions you should ask yourself as you read

10. Reader Response Criticism ***Most common in schools! Assumptions  An author’s intentions aren’t available to readers– all you have is the text  Readers make their own personal meaning from a text, unique to them.  Responding to a text is a process, and descriptions of that process are valuable  Reading journals, etc.  How do you read? What goes on in your mind when you read a text? Do you create images? Imagine things as video? Hear the character’s voices? Strategies  Read in slow motion, describing the response of an informed reader at various points  Describe your own, personal response to the text  React to the text as a whole, embracing the subjective, unique, personal response it brings out in you.

11. Gender (Feminist) Criticism Assumptions  The text isn’t objective: The reader’s gender and attitudes toward gender influence how it is read.  Men and women haven’t been equally able to produce written work in the past.  Men and women are different: they write and read differently. These differences should be valued. Strategies  Consider the gender of the author or characters: what role does gender play?  Look for sexual stereotypes—are they upheld or undermined? How are men and women’s places in society reflected or distorted?  Look at the effects of POWER drawn from gender in the plot or in the form of the writing.

12. Biographical Criticism Assumptions  Authors write what they care about and know well. The events of their lives are reflected in their works  The context for a work includes information about the author’s life  Historical events at the time  Information available/ social norms at the time  The context can give insight into themes, references, social movements, and the creation of characters. Strategies  Research the author’s life and relate that information to the text  Research the author’s time (books published at the time, historical events, way of life, etc.)

13. Historical Criticism Assumptions  A work must be considered in its historical context  Historical = social, political, economic, cultural and intellectual climate of the time  Information about the time an author wrote, the time the work is set, and how people at those times saw the world is very important. Strategies  Research the historical events of the time in which the author wrote  Consider historical events of the setting if it is different from the author’s time  View the text as part of a bigger story--a context of historical movements--and examine how it contributes to and reflects aspects of human history

14. Marxist/Social Power Criticism Assumptions  Karl Marx said that economic factors (money/ poverty) influence the way people think  Groups who owned / controlled major industries could use the rest of the population  Through conditions of employment, forcing their values onto others.  Applies social and economic ideas to texts Strategies  Explore how groups of people are portrayed.  Evaluate level of social realism (is it realistic?) and how society is portrayed  Consider how the text is itself a commodity that reproduces certain beliefs and practices. What is its effect on society?  Look at power drawn from social or economic class

15. Formalist Criticism Assumptions  Only the text matters, not the author’s intention or the reader’s response.  Looks at form and convention  Does it look like a poem, or like prose? Is it in paragraphs? Chapters? Does the author use “correct” grammar?  A work should be treated as a self-sufficient object Strategies  Read CLOSELY. Assume everything is carefully planned to contribute to the work’s unity  Figures of speech, POV, word choice, recurring ideas, everything  Look at how the various elements of a text work to unify it, or make it a whole, smooth, flowing work of literature.

16. Postcolonial Criticism Assumptions  Colonialism is a powerful force that shapes the political futures of countries, and identities of colonized and colonizing peoples  It relies on “Othering” the colonized  They are seen as dramatically different from the colonizers and are defined by that difference  Texts from these cultures often distort the realities of the colonized, no matter whose POV Strategies  Search the text for references to colonization or colonized people  How are the colonized and colonizers portrayed? How is colonization portrayed?  What images of “Others” are present? What processes of “Othering” are portrayed?  How are cultural conflicts between colonizers and colonized dealt with? *Vocab: Othering= The process of defining oneself through comparison to another, or defining a group by their difference from oneself: “Us” vs. “Not Us.”

17. Archetypal Criticism Assumptions  Meaning isn’t made just on the page, and a work can’t be treated as an independent thing  Humans have a “collective unconscious,” seen in common dreams and myths shared by many cultures. Some ideas are hard-wired.  These recurring myths, symbols, and character types appear and reappear in literature throughout history Strategies  Consider the genre (comedy, romance, tragedy, etc.)  How does this affect the meaning of the work?  Look for story patterns and symbols: black hats, springtime, evil stepmothers, etc. Compare with other texts.  Consider what you associate with these symbols and what they mean to you.

18. Psychological Criticism Assumptions  Creative writing represents repressed wishes or fears, just like dreams do.  Everyone’s personal past is unique, but there are repeating patterns for most people. Both have lasting effects  We can make educated guesses about what the author has repressed or transformed  We can figure out the underlying meanings Strategies  Try to apply a developmental concept to the work, author, characters  Oedipus complex, anal retentiveness, castration anxiety, gender confusion, etc.  Connect the work to psychologically important events in the author’s or character’s life.  Think about how repressed ideas might be expressed through symbols and images

19. Deconstructionist Criticism Assumptions  Meaning is made by binary oppositions, but one item is unavoidably favored (or “privileged”) over the other  This hierarchy is probably arbitrary and can be exposed or reversed  The text’s oppositions and hierarchy can be called into question because texts contain within themselves unavoidable contradictions, gaps, spaces, and absences that defeat closure and determinate meaning. All reading is misreading. Strategies  Identify the oppositions in the text. Determine which member appears to be favored, and look for evidence that contradicts that favoring.  Identify what appears central to the text and what appears to be marginal and excluded.  Expose the text’s indeterminacy. Whereas formalism assumes that you should read a literary work closely as if it made sense, deconstruction assumes the opposite: that if you read closely enough, the text will fail to make sense—or at least will contradict itself. *Vocab: Binary opposition= pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning (on/off; up/down; light/dark)