1. AERODROME DATA, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OBSTACLE RESTRICTION
Unit
AERODROME DATA, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OBSTACLE RESTRICTION

2. Syllabus
Aerodrome data - Basic terminology – Aerodrome reference code – Aerodrome reference point – Aerodrome elevation – Aerodrome reference temperature
Instrument runway, physical Characteristics; length of primary / secondary runway – Width of runways – Minimum distance between parallel runways etc. – obstacles restriction.

3. Key Topics Design of an Aerodrome
Classification of Aerodromes in India
Types of Runway
Design of Length of Runway

4. O Hare Airport

5. Types of Aerodromes in India
International Aerodrome-13
Domestic aerodrome-68 domestic terminals
Military Aerodrome-Pathankot
Custom Aerodrome-Madurai

7. Chennai Aerodrome parameter
Location Trisoolam;MSL=16m
Bearing=12*59’N 80*E
Runway 1. 07/25; 3.658m Asphalt
Runway 2.12/30; 2.05m Asphalt/Concrete

8. Chennai Terminal

10. Aerodrome Ref Point, Aerodrome Chart
Aerodrome Data
Aerodrome Ref Point, Aerodrome Chart

11. Chennai Airport

12. Aerodrome Data Contain Aerodrome Chart
Aerodrome location giving-name, lat and long, airport elevation physical location, distance & bearings-34 ft AMSL; 12*59’37” N, 01*08’37”E
Aerdrome Administration-name, number, fax of the operator -AAI
Movement Areas like Runways, Taxiways, Aprons
Visual Aids-marking and lighting system for airports,Visual Approach Slope Indicator and Navigational Aids
Ground Services like Fuel, communication from Ground to Pilot

13. Typical Example
Name of Aerodrome-Chennai or Delhi etc & National Airport or International as NAT/INT
Runway Number from 01 to 36 & No. of Runways as 1 or 2 and their designation and length as 07/25; 3.658mile
Elevation of Runway
Type of Traffic ( IFR/VFR)
Location of Wind Sox (illuminated and non illuminated)
Location of Aerodrome Ref point, Control Tower, Terminal Building, Fire Station, Nav.

14. AERODROME CHART Layout of runways, taxiways and apron(s);
b) type of the runway surfaces;
c) designations and length of runways; RWY NR-18; 2286M
d) designations of the taxiways
e) location of illuminated and non- illuminated wind direction indicators;
Location of the aerodrome reference point
Location of terminal buildings
Location of control tower
Location of fire station
Location of navigation aids
Location of isolation bay
Location of helipads

16. Aerodrome-runway and Taxiaway

17. Runway Details Designation: RWY NR-18 Bearing:184*20’ GEO and 184*15’
Runway Size :2286 x 45 m
Width :< 30m, usually 45m, based on the wingspace of aircraft
Separation between Parallel Runway <1300m
Slope of Runway < 5%
Permissible Cross Wind = 20 Knots
Runway Surface : Loss Free and Friction Free
Material : Partly Asphalt and partly concrete

18. ARP-Aerodrome Ref Point
ARP defined as geometrical centre of runway, and height decided by the AAI & Point-ARP-the magnetic variation given to the nearest degree from magnetic north of the runway - Indicated as ARPlat and ARPlong

19. Chennai ARP

20. ARP-Chennai Elevation 34 ft AMSL Latitude 125937 N Longitude 010837E
Land Area
1400 Acres
Elevation
34 ft. AMSL
Elevation 34 ft AMSL
Latitude N
Longitude E
Land Area 1400 Acres

21. RUNWAY
TORA & TODA,Characterestics, types and secondary runway – Width of runways – Minimum distance between parallel runways etc. – obstacles restriction

22. TORA & TODA
Take off Run-TORA =Length of runway declared available and distance traversed on ground run of an airplane taking off = 1.15 x Midpoint length of runway)
Take off Distance-TODA-length of the takeoff run available plus the length of Clear way; TODA=TORA + Clearway or 1.5 Tora

23. TAKE OFF DISTANCE-TODA

24. TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE-TORA

25. Runway Length
Depends on the type of aircraft and speed of landing( Airbus require 3.5Km)
1800m for weights< 90,000Kg for smaller aircrafts
,2400m For Widebodies aircrafts
4000m for International flights

26. Runway Visual Range-RVR
Is an instrumentally derived value that representing the horizontal distance a pilot can see down the runway, determined by visibility sensors
RVR measured in increments of 100 feet up to 1,000 feet, increments of 200 feet from 1,000 feet to 3,000 feet, and increments of 500 feet above 3,000 feet to 6,000 feet.

27. RVR to Pilot

28. RVR

29. Types
Single Runway-Simplest Runway used when winds blow on the Runway and suitable when peak HR traffic is <50 operations; Both ends can be used when the winds are light for landing and departure.
Parallel Runway-when winds blow on the runway and peak hr.traffic >50 operations and landing and departure on two runways
Intersecting Runway-when wind blow in one direction is > the other, intersecting runway being used.
Open V & Closed V runway

30. Typical Runways

31. Single and Parallel Runways
Single Runway
Layout
Equal Dep & ARR
Terminal Building
Parallel Runway
L/TO
L/TO

32. Open V Runway & Intersecting Runway

33. VFR,IFR Runway ( Precision and Non precision)
Visual Runway
Instrument Runway
a.Precision Runway-marked at edge with white painting-guidance both for vertical and horizontal
b.Non Precision Instrument ( no vertical guidance, only horizontal guidance)

35. Instrument Runway

36. Instrument runway-Features
Marking and lighting systems for runways;
b) approach lighting system;
c) visual approach slope indicator system;
d) aerodrome beacon;
e) marking and lighting systems for taxiways; and
f) any other marking and lighting systems.

37. Parallel Runway-9R-9L N
270 90
180

38. Parallel Runway

39. Landing

40. Parallel Runways

41. Components of a Traffic Pattern Single Runway

42. Designated positions in Parallel runway4

43. Designated positions in the runway
Position 1. Aircraft initiates call to taxi for departing flight. Runway from Apron
Position 2. Departing aircraft held at position 2. Engine run-up be performed here.
Position 3. Take-off clearance issued
Position 4. Clearance to land is issued
Position 5. Clearance to taxi to apron
Position 6. Parking information issued

44. Actual Traffic Pattern in Parallel Runways

45. Parallel Runways <4300’
Parallel Runways <4300’, Aircraft still required to be 2.5 NM apart on the same localizer,
but close as 1.5 NM apart diagonally between the localizers

46. Parallel Runways <4300’

47. Minimum distance between parallel runways
Safe if the runway spacing is greater than 1270m Unsafe if the spacing is lower than 930 m.

48. Parallel Runway Approaches (4)
Close Parallel
Independent parallel approaches
Independent Close Parallel
Independent Close Parallel with Cross Wind Close parallel.

49. Parallel Runway Approaches (4)

50. Width of runways
Runway Width =45 Meters based on Airworthiness requirements for AB 380

51. Typical Runway

52. Specification of Taxiway
Width
Surface
Strength

53. Information to Pilot for Take off

54. Information Runway Number Wind Direction and Speed
QNH altimeter setting
the air temperature for the runway to be used, in the case of turbine-engine aircraft;
RVR Values of the Runway
Correct Time

55. Information to be provided for the Aircraft when on Approach
Runway Number
Surface Wind Direction and Speed
QNH altimeter setting

56. Obstacle Restriction Runway designation:APCH-18 & TKOF-36
Obstacle type Trees and their bearing for different types of trees from 17m to 21 and their coordinates:
Mobile Tower and their bearing
Pole and its bearing

57. Runway Markings

58. Runway Factors Airport elevation above MSL Mean maximum temperature
Wind velocity
Aircraft operating weights
Takeoff and landing flap settings
Effective runway gradient
Runway surface conditions (dry, wet, contaminated, etc.)
Presence of obstructions within the vicinity of the approach and departure path, and

59. Runway Markings

60. Instrument Runway markings

61. 1.Threshold Marking: 30 m x 1.8m 4.LandingAiming Point Marking
Runway Markings
1.Threshold Marking: 30 m x 1.8m
white stripes
4.LandingAiming Point Marking
30 x 4 m W stripe
Centre line
Marking
29L
50-75m
X 0.9 m
150m
3. Touch down
Zone marking
Figure not to scale
300m

62. Runway Markings
Threshold: marked by a line of green lights-Four stripes on either side of the centerline at the end of the runway
Magnetic Runway Heading-29- number, to the nearest one-tenth of Magnetic North
Touch Down Zone Markers:Meant to help define the touchdown zone, they show distance information in 500 foot increments
Landing aiming point a visual cue, it is generally 1,000 feet from the threshold
Distance to go Markers:number denotes the distance remaining, in thousands of feet.
Runway Designator Sign:the departure end of runway 9 is to your left and the departure end of runway 27 is to your right.

63. Typical Runway

65. Meaning of Signals in the event of Communication Failure
Flashing Green-Permission to move to Taxi area
Steady Red-Stop
Flashing Red-Move off the Landing Area to taxi area
Flashing White-Vacate manoeuvring area in accordance with local instructions

66. Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude-MSA
MSA published for emergency use on IAP charts.
For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is normally based on the primary omnidirectional facility
NAVAID used to determine the MSA altitudes.
For RNAV approaches, MSA is based on the runway waypoint (RWY WP) for straight-in approaches, or the airport waypoint (APT WP) for circling approaches.
For GPS approaches, the MSA center will be the missed approach waypoint (MAWP).
MSAsexpressed in feet above mean sea level and normally have a 25 NM radius;

67. ORDER OF PRIORITY FOR ARRIVING AND DEPARTING AIRCRAFT
Landing ( Final stage of Approach) has Priority against Take off
An aircraft landing or in the final stages of an approach to land have priority over an aircraft intending to depart from the same or an intersecting runway

68. Airport Design

69. Airport Design Areas
Evaluation of landing surface, instrument runway and aids.
Runway Safety Area program
Airport Lighting
Terminal Facilities
Beacons
Papi/Vasi
Windcone

70. Design factors Airport Traffic is a volatile traffic-Assumption
Airport Master Plan & master plan study for airport layout, feasibility plan
Specific Devlopment Plan for immediate Future
Construction Plan for Runway, Taxiway, Gates and modification of existing terminal
Details of the project plan for architectural and engineering designs
Assessment of the plan in every phase
Determining the cost and financial planning

71. Factors for Improving an Existing Airport
Airport building should have architectural qualitty and Operational Success.
should have to designed on the bassis of Structural and Passenger loads/year
As a Rule of Thumb, Twice the size of a building should be considered based on annual traffic load including luggage.
AirpConcept of Passenger Building as a Terminal as passengers use airports as a transfer hub.
Connecting the passenger facilities to the Apron and Aircraft either by a Underground train or Overhead train like in London (Gatwick) or in Atlanta (Heartfield)
Renovating the terminal in the shape of X as in Hongkong
Introducing Gate Arrival Concept for commuter traffic
Means to minimise luggage transfer and passenger using airport as a transit
Minimise the distance to passenger for transit movement
Multistorey Car Park

72. Various Airports in World

73. Doha Airport-Architectural design

74. Islamabad Airport( Gate concept)

75. Passenger Flexibility