1. Towards a Reference Library of Upper Ontologies the DOLCE point of view Nicola Guarino Head, Laboratory for Applied Ontology Institute for Cognitive Sciences and Technology, National Research Council Trento, Italy Thanks to all LOA people! www.loa-cnr.it

2. Ontology Ontologies and intended meaning Language L Conceptualization C (relevant invariants across situations: D,  ) Intended models I K (L) State of affairs Situations Ontological commitment K Tarskian interpretation I Ontology models I K (L) Models M D (L)

3. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it3 I A (L) M D (L) I B (L) Area of false agreemen t! The risk of FALSE AGREEMENT

4. Why a Reference Library of Upper Ontologies Understand disagreements Maximize agreements Promote interoperability A starting point for building new ontologies A reference point for easy and rigorous comparison among different ontological approaches A common framework for analyzing, harmonizing and integrating existing ontologies and metadata standards

5. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it5 DOLCE a Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering Strong cognitive/linguistic bias: descriptive (as opposite to prescriptive) attitude Categories mirror cognition, common sense, and the lexical structure of natural language. Emphasis on cognitive invariants Focus on design rationale to allow easy comparison with different ontological options Rigorous, systematic, interdisciplinary approach Rich axiomatization 37 basic categories 7 basic relations 80 axioms, 100 definitions, 20 theorems Rigorous quality criteria Documentation

6. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it6 Methodology: Formal Ontological Analysis Theory of Essence and Identity Theory of Parts (Mereology) Theory of Wholes Theory of Dependence Theory of Composition and Constitution Theory of Properties and Qualities The basis for a common ontology vocabulary

7. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it7 Qualities and features: a fine-grained approach

8. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it8 Main DOLCE Extensions ( Thanks to Aldo Gangemi @LOA-RM) Allen-based ontology of time Ontology of common-sense locations Descriptions and reified concepts (D&S ontology) Ontology of functional participation (thematic roles) Ontology of social entities and organizations Ontology of plans and tasks Ontology of information objects Ontology of knowledge content objects (multimedia descriptions ) Ontology of (Web) services (with UKA, VUA) Ontology of semantic middleware (extending DAML-S beyond Web services - by Daniel Oberle at UKA) Core legal ontology (with ITTIG-CNR)

9. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it9 Mapping with lexicons: the OntoWordNet project (Aldo Gangemi, Alessandro Oltramari, Massimiliano Ciaramita) 809 synsets from WordNet1.6 directly subsumed by a DOLCE+ class Whole WordNet linked to DOLCE+ Lower WordNet levels still need revision Glosses being transformed into DOLCE+ axioms Machine learning applied jointly with foundational ontology WordNet “domains” being used to create a modular, general purpose domain ontology Ongoing work on ontological analysis of specific WordNet domains (cognition, emotion, psychological feature) Ongoing cooperation with Princeton University.

10. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it10 A Selection of Most Relevant Projects (2003-2006) WonderWeb (FP5): Ontology Infrastructure for the Semantic Web METOKIS (FP6): Methodologies and tools infrastructure for the development of multimedia knowledge units SEMANTIC MINING (FP6): Semantic Interoperability and Data Mining in Biomedicine TICCA (PAT&CNR): Ontology of social interaction MOSTRO (PAT): Modelling Security and Trust Relationships in Organizations IKF : Intelligent Knowledge Fusion (Eureka Project) Ontology of banking transactions (with ELSAG Banklab ) Ontology of Service-Level Agreement and IS monitoring (with SELESTA ) Ontology of Insurance Services (with Nomos SpA) FOS (UN/FAO): Alignment of legacy fishery ontologies TOCAI.IT (Italian Ministry of Research): semantic interoperability across 3 different industrial cooperation models: intra-enterprise integration, supply-chain integration, district level integration NEON (FP6) - Networked Ontologies ONTOGEO (FP6) - Geo-spatial Semantic Web

11. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it11 A comment from a user at IBM Watson Research Center “Mapping our domain ontology to DOLCE helped us to understand and clarify our domain better”

12. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it12 Building well-founded upper ontologies is HARD! Subtle meaning distinctions do matter Formal ontological analysis provides a rigorous methodology to obtain robust and coherent theories A humble interdisciplinary approach is essential …Is this hard? Of course yes! (Why should it be easy??) …That’s why we should do our best to promote and exploit the synergy between existing upper ontologies

13. A new journal: Applied Ontology Editors in chief: Nicola Guarino ISTC-CNR Mark Musen Stanford University IOS Press Amsterdam, Berlin, Washington, Tokyo, Beijing www.applied-ontology-org

14. IBM Watson Research Center, March 13, 2006 www.loa-cnr.it14 FOIS-2006 International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems November 9-11, 2006 Baltimore, Maryland (USA) http://www.formalontology.org/