1. Urban Geography Chapter 9

2. When and Why did People Start Living in Cities? Key Question:

3. Foundations and Terms of Urbanization City – a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics… modern cites are the centers of Urban Functions: – Centers of Political Power – Higher education – Technological innovation – Modern Culture – Great Markets – Specialization

4. Classifications of Cities Urban hierarchy: ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions, types of central place functions. -Hamlet: lowest level of settlements (often not urban); offers few if any services. -Village: clustered human settlement larger than a hamlet and generally offering several services.

5. Classifications of Cities -Town: clustered human settlement larger than a village; may range from a few to thousands of inhabitants (even hundreds of thousands); generally many goods and services are available. -City: clustered conglomeration of people and buildings together serving as a center of politics, culture, and economics; a town may have outskirts, but virtually all cities have suburbs (hinterlands).(5,000 0r 10,000 minimums) -Metropolis: usually contains several urbanized areas and suburbs that act together as a coherent economic whole.

6. Urban: The buildup of the central city and the suburban realm – the city and the surrounding environs connected to the city. Around the world people are moving from rural areas to urban areas… #1 migration flow in the World; recently % of urban pop exceeded % of rural pop for first time in human history; appx 50% in each globally

7. Urbanization, urbanisation or urban drift: is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very largest ones. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008; occurring most rapidly in poorer, LDCsUnited Nations http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/urbanisation/html/urbanisation.stm Three Questions from these maps: 1. How has the world’s urban population changed in the last 50+ years? 2. Where does urban growth appear to be growing the fastest? 3. What might we be unable to see about urban population growth in these maps?

8. The Modern Process of Urbanization –a rural area can become urbanized quite quickly in the modern world. Success of modern urban centers depends on their external locational attributes; their relative location with reference to non-local places; distance from other urban centers; relatively easy access to other places Shenzhen has grown form 20,000 to 3.1 million in three decades!!! Shenzhen, China

9. Shenzhen changed from a fishing village to a major metropolitan area in just 25 years. 25 years ago, all of this land was duck ponds and rice paddies. London and Shanghai have invested billions into their newly developed industrial zones. Shenzhen, China

10. The First Urban Revolution: Where? When? Why? How?

11. Agricultural Villages Before urbanization, people often clustered in agricultural villages – a relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. About 10,000 years ago, people began living in agricultural villages WHY? What allows the first civilizations to emerge?

12. The First Urban Revolution Where, how, and why did early cities form? Early Cites form due to: 1. agricultural surplus 2. Specialization 3. social stratification/Social Structure (a leadership class)

13. Six Hearths of Urbanization In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained.

14. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were two of the first cities of the Indus River Valley. - intricately planned - houses equal in size - no palaces - no monuments Indus River Valley

15. Huang He and Wei River Valleys The Chinese purposefully planned their cities. - centered on a vertical structure - inner wall built around center - temples and palaces for the leadership class Terracotta Warriors guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang

16. Mesoamerica Mayan and Aztec Civilizations Many ancient cities were theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings.

17. Mesoamerica Between 300 and 900 CE, Altun Ha, Belize served as a thriving trade and distribution center for the Caribbean merchant canoe traffic.

18. Diffusion of Urbanization The Greek Cities by 500 BCE, Greeks were highly urbanized. – Network of more than 500 cities and towns – On the mainland and on islands – Each city had an acropolis and an agora

19. Athens, Greece the acropolis the agora

20. Diffusion of Urbanization The Roman Cities a system of cities and small towns, linked together with hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes. – Sites of Roman cities were typically for trade – A Roman city’s Forum combined the acropolis and agora into one space. – Roman cities had extreme wealth and extreme poverty (between 1/3 and 2/3s of empire’s population was enslaved)

21. Diffusion of Urbanization Roman Roads: All Roads Lead to Rome.

22. Roman Empire

23. The Roman Forum Aqueducts in Nimes, France Hydraulic Civilization: Rome thrived due to supply of water

24. During the mercantile era, the cities that thrived were embellished by wealthy merchant families, who built ornate mansions, patronized the arts, participated in city governments, and supported the reconstruction of city centers. Genoa, Italy

25. Before colonization, cities were centered around a religious core. Colonial cities were characterized by wider streets and a lower population density. Most cities located on rivers or seacoast. World cities play key roles in organizing space beyond their own national boundaries.

26. The Second Urban Revolution

27. A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2.industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources Where?? What?? When?? Why?? Consequences??

28. Industrialized regions of Europe, 1914

29. During the second half of the 20 th century… Nature of manufacturing changed and locations changed, too. Many factories have been abandoned, creating “rust belts” out of once-thriving industrial districts. Duisburg, Germany

30. Archaeologists have found that the houses in Indus River cities, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were a uniform size: each house had access to a sewer system, and palaces were absent from the cultural landscape. Derive a theory as to why these conditions were present in these cities that had both a leadership class and a surplus of agricultural goods.

31. Where are Cities Located and Why? Key Question:

32. Site and Situation--locational factor that affects the development of cities and towns Site * absolute location of a city * a city’s static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion. Situation * relative location of a city * a city’s place in the region and the world around it.

33. Rank-Size Rule: in a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example: largest city = 12 million 2 nd largest = 6 million 3 rd largest = 4 million 4 th largest = 3 million

34. Trade area Trade area – an adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant. Green Country, Oklahoma

35. Primate City The leading city of a country. The city is disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the country. For example: London, UK Mexico City, Mexico Paris, France - the rank-size rule does not work for a country with a primate city Gateway City--a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation. (i.e. Istanbul, Miami, Casablanca)

36. Central Place Theory Walter Christaller developed a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed. Based on a city’s Trade Area (Define this) Assumed: surface is flat with no physical barriers places of the same size are equally spaced no areas of overlap; largest central places will supply all the goods and services the customers in that area demand and can afford soil fertility is the same everywhere population and purchasing power are evenly distributed region has uniform transportation network from any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance; goods offered in smaller central places will be less specialized than those in the larger areas A settlement's functions as well as its economic reach produce a measure of its centrality

37. Hexagonal Hinterlands URBAN HIERARCHY: C = city T = town V = village H = hamlet

38. Economic Reach of a City * Trade Area: trade area defines where customers live and how far they are likely to travel to a particular business or business district * Threshold and Range: Range of sale (breaking point): maximum distance people will travel for a good or service, central place function (economic reach). -Threshold: the minimum number of customers needed to keep the business running; minimum market size needed to support a central place function

39. Gravity Model Uses size of location and distance as factors for travel Size of location takes precedent over distance The gravity model can be used to estimate: Traffic Flows Migration between two areas The number of people likely to use one central place Population 1 x Population 2 Distance squared

40. Gravity Model The gravity model, as social scientists refer to the modified law of gravitation, takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these two features. The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared. Population 1 x Population 2 Distance squared

41. Urban Land Use *Bid-rent Theory a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area (i.e., the greater the concentration of customers), the more profitable.geographical economic theoryreal estateCentral Business Districtcity centerretailprofitability Agglomeration:In the study of human settlements, an urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place (usually a municipality) and any suburbs linked by continuous urban areacitytownmunicipality suburbsurban area

42. Deglomeration The high cost of a downtown location now outweighs the advantages of locating near other like industries. Publishing companies have begun to move from New York to as far away as Florida and Texas. Areal units--A challenge that occurs during the spatial analysis of aggregated data in which the results differ when the same analysis is applied to the same data, but different aggregation schemes are used. In the US and Canada, the census tract is the areal unit that best approximates a city neighborhood in size. The idea of a metropolitan statistical area came from the US Census Bureau

43. Urban Land Use

44. Sketch a map of your city or town and the cities or towns nearby. Make a list of goods and services available in each of these towns. Do the ideas about central places presented in this section of the chapter apply to your region?

45. How are Cities Organized, and How do they Function? Key Question:

46. Urban Morphology The layout of a city, its physical form an structure. Berlin, Germany With wall (above) And without wall (right) What does the urban morphology of the city tell us about the city?

47. Functional Zonation (aka Specialization) The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions). Cairo, Egypt Central city (above) Housing projects (right) What does the functional zonation of the city tell us about the city?

48. Zones of the City Central business district (CBD) Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city) – Now more than 50% of Americans Live in Cities – Geographer Louis Wirth studied and created patterns for suburban areas – Dev of suburbs in the US most affected by popularity of autos; cities in the western US have more pop in the suburbs as compared to cities in the eastern US – market area is an example of functional region

49. Modeling the North American City Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) Sector model (Homer Hoyt) Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

50. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

51. Modeling the North American City Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) – 1920’s Chicago (CBD called The Loop) – CBD is the focus of the city's social, commercial, and civic life – Zones grow is circle over time – As city spreads Zones develop – Land near center most valuable (bid-rent) – suggests that the farther a neighborhood is from the central business district, the greater its wealth is

52. Modeling the North American City Sector model (Homer Hoyt) (1930’s) based on Chicago, like concentric zone model – Grow out in pie Shape – Sectors grow along interstates, rivers etc. – Focus on residential patterns – urban growth conforms to sectors radiating out from the downtown along such transportation routes as bus and train lines

53. Modeling the North American City Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman) 1940’s – CBD is losing its dominance as the single nucleus of a city – Neighborhoods develop their own markets and function almost as independent cities – Universities surrounded by pizza restaurants, fast-food restaurants, and coffee shops. – Most of the urban areas of the United States follow the MNM – MNM most likely associated with edge cities

54. Urban Realms Model 1970 & 1980’s Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework. “urban realm” came into use to describe the spatial components of a metropolis during the 1990s

55. Edge Cities Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, often with: - office complexes - shopping centers - hotels - restaurants - entertainment facilities - sports complexes one major difference between suburban areas in the US and Europe-- US suburban areas enjoy relatively low crime rates and good schools, European suburban areas have more crime and poorer schools than in the cities. European central business districts (CBDs) are different from those of most world cities have narrow streets and low-rise buildings in the CBD.

56. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) African City (de Blij model) Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

57. Latin American City (Griffin- Ford model)

58. Latin American Cities Latin America is very urban, 80% with sparsely populated hinterlands (land behind the city) Rapidly urbanizing Thriving CBD (traditional and traditional market) High rise sector Commercial Spine Disamenity Sectors

59. Disamenity sector – very poorest parts of the city eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

60. squatter settlements: housing for poor migrants that contains very few services

61. The African City (de Blij model)

62. African Cities Africa is least urban region in the world and most rapidly urbanizing (Under 40% urban) Imprint of European colonies visible in African Cities Have Prominent urban centers Can have 3 CBD’s: European, Informal, and Formal The Islamic city has best captured the idea of globalism with modern skyscrapers and trade advantages is Dubai.

63. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

64. SE Asian Cities Many of the world’s most populous cities in SE Asia Rapidly urbanizing Focal point is the old port (colonial) No Formal CBD’s Western Commercial Zone and Chinese merchant zones Promoted economic growth through Western investment and trade

65. Cities in Communist Europe Communist cities are marked by: Microdistricts: Small parts of cities that include housing, industry, business and schools…limiting the need for travel

66. Cities in Communist Europe Communist cities are marked by: Multi story concrete apartment buildings Microdistricts, with a huge dominant square at the center of a city and wide, radiating avenues fronted by ugly apartment blocks, are best seen in Bucharest, Romania

67. Employing the concepts defined in this section of the chapter, draw a model of the city with which you are most familiar. Label each section of the city accordingly. After reading through the models described in this section, determine which model best corresponds to the model you drew and hypothesize why it is so.

68. How do People Make Cities? Key Question:

69. New Urbanism Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. Benefits of suburban living: less crime and drug use, parking space and a yard, opportunity of home ownership, better schools. – some are concerned over privatization of public spaces – some are concerned that they do nothing to break down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities – some believe they work against urban sprawl – Stores, workplaces, and services not within walking distance

70. Making Cities in the Global Core Gentrification – individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood. Biggest downside is property taxes are increased, forcing people out of their homes. Commercialization – city governments transform a central city to attract residents and tourists. The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark contrast to the rest of the central city.

71. Spaces of Consumption The transformation of the city into an entertainment district, where major corporations encourage the consumption of their goods and services. For example:Berlin, Germany New York City FESTIVAL LANDSCAPE A landscape of cultural festivities. Festival landscapes are designed in urban planning to be a site for concerts and festivals as well as focal points for informal human interactions. Examples of festival landscapes include the Inner Harbor in Baltimore, the Skydome in Toronto and the Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta. Central Park in New York City is another example of a festival landscape. Other examples of such landscapes include Bayside in Miami, Riverwalk in San Antonio and Faneuil Hall in Boston.

72. Tear-downs – houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing it down to build a much larger home. McMansions – large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot. They are called McMansions because of their super size and their similar look. Hinsdale, Illinois (25% of houses have been torn down in last 20 years).

73. Making Cities in the Global Core Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods. Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes and low prices, to generate “white flight.”

74. Urban Sprawl Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. The primary reason for people fleeing urban centers after WW II during the 1960’s was transportation networks made outlying areas more accessible. Henderson, Nevada

75. Urban Sprawl Terms Decentralization Edge City (part of the new suburban landscape, found at the intersections of highway networks often including offices, residences, and entertainment venues) Office Park Peak Land value (decreases as distance from CBD increases) Intersection Shopping Mall Suburb Suburbanization--transformation of large areas of land from rural to urban uses Counterurbanization--the process when people move away from the cbd due to dissatisfaction with the urban policies and lifestyle

77. Celebration, Florida

78. Gated Communities Who are gated communities for? How do the goals/purposes of gated communities differ across the world?

79. Changing employment mix Employment structure Economic base (basic/nonbasic) Globalization Informal sector

80. Changing demographic and social structures Postindustrial city Postmodern urban landscape Megalopolis: Boston to Washington, D.C.; Miami to WPB; southern Cal; rust belt; Tokyo- Yokohama-Kawasaki region is the world’s largest; multi-metropolitan complex is formed by the coalescence of two or more major urban areas

81. Uneven development Ghettoization gentrification Megacity—city with 10 million or more, fastest growing found in south and east Asia

82. Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery - sharp contrast between rich and poor - Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws-- established patterns of land use 8 of the 10 most populated cities in the world are in LDCs.

83. Powerful social and cultural forces shape the character of a city and create the cultural landscape of the city.

84. Making Cities in the Priphery Slums: – Shanty Towns – Squatter Settlements – Favelas – Barrios Planning Foreign Influence

85. Ethnic Neighborhoods European City – eg. Muslim neighborhoods in Paris – Greenbelts: rings of open space surrounding European cities like London to combat sprawl – Preindustrial cities were poorly organized, unsanitary, overcrowded, uncomfortable – Cities in Eur have not yet experienced the dispersal of the US, remain more compact and clustered Cities of the Periphery and Semiperiphery – eg. Mumbai, India – Chinatowns

86. Mumbai, India

87. Using the city you sketched in the last “Thinking Geographically” question, consider the concepts and processes introduced in this section of the chapter and explain how people and institutions created this city and the model you sketched.

88. What Role do Cities Play in Globalization? Key Question:

89. Global cities and megacities Colonial city Emerging cities Entrepôt Gateway city Great cities Indigenous city Medieval cities Megacities World city

90. World Cities Cities that function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy.

91. Times Square New York City

92. Thinking through the challenges to the state presented in Chapter 8, predict whether and under what circumstances world cities could replace states as the basic and most powerful form of political organization in the world.