1. Biology Today Third Edition Chapter 18 Biodiversity and Threatened Habitats Copyright © 2004 by Garland Science Eli Minkoff Pam Baker

2. Chapter 18 Biodiversity A. Definitions biodiversity, communities, niche B. Diversity Value of biodiversity ? Ways to preserve Loss of diversity Extinction (true- or pseudo-) C. Ecosystems (Biomes) Changes in communities Succession – primary and secondary Climax Community is mature, natural ecosystem stable population sunlight supplies energy chemical are cycled energy flows through system (lost as heat) Destruction of ecosystems examples:deforestation, desertification

3. Chapter 18 Biodiversity A.Definitions biodiversity, communities B.Diversity Value of biodiversity ? Ways to preserve Loss of diversityExtinction (true- or pseudo-)

4. Chapter 18 Biodiversity C.Ecosystems (Biomes) Changes in communities Sucession – primary and secondary Climax Community is mature, natural ecosystem  stable population  sunlight supplies energy  chemical are cycled  energy flows through system (lost as heat) Destruction of ecosystems examples: deforestation desertification

5. Biodiversity and Habitat Number and variety of species present Place to live

6. Biodiversity The more we look, the more we find. 1.5 million species identified 5-30 million estimated species

7. Figure 18.1

9. Communities interdependent species living in the same place Niche unique role in community Ecosystem community interacting with it’s environment

10. Biodiversity A measure of the complexity of the ecosystem A major influence on biodiversity is Lattitude (how close to the equator) i.e., how much sunlight (energy) Tropics -reef and rain forests

12. Figure 18.2 Red Sea, Egypt

14. What is the value of preserving diversity ? Might be losing something valuable Genetic variation

15. Corny illustration pg. 646 Domestic cornvaluable, annual Zea mays Wild corn Zea diploperennis disease resistant perenial Genetic diversity (a good thing)

16. Ways to preserve genetic diversity zoos botanical reserves gene banks (cryopreservation) … The cheapest way is to promote diversity in their natural habitats chimps

17. “The health of animals, is promoted by the variety of plants available for them to eat or to climb or to nest in. Likewise, the health and well-being of many of the plants depends on the variety of animals that can pollinate them, disperse their seeds, or fertilize the ground near the roots…” BT3 pg 647

18. Decline in Biodiversity Extinction -disappearance of a species true entire lineage dies out

19. Figure 18.3 (1)

20. Figure 18.3 (2)

21. Figure 18.3 (3)

22. Decline in Biodiversity Extinction -disappearance of a species true entire lineage dies out pseudo- similar ancestors survive

23. Hyracotherium

25. Figure 18.4

26. Figure 18.6

27. Figure 18.5 (1)

28. Figure 18.5 (2)

29. Figure 18.5 (3)

30. extinction ?

31. Figure 18.6

32. Reasons for extinction Climate? Asteroid? Volcano? Glacier? Humans

33. Moa birdNew Zealand Elephant birdMadagascar Dodo bird Passenger pigeon Bachman’s warblerUS MollusksOhio FishesLake Victoria … Extinct animals (a few from pp 654-655) 100,000 during from 1980-1990

35. Endangered species lots

36. Threatened habitats

37. Biomes A group of similar ecosystems climate species habitat similar

38. Figure 18.9

39. Figure 18.10a

40. Figure 18.10b

41. Figure 18.10c

42. Biodiversity in the Tropical rain forest

43. Figure 18.11 (1)

44. Figure 18.11 (2)

45. Figure 18.11 (3)

46. Figure 18.11 (4)

47. Figure 18.11 (5)

48. Figure 18.11 (6)

49. Figure 18.11 (7)

50. Figure 18.11 (8)

51. Figure 18.11 (9)

52. Figure 18.11 (10)

53. Figure 18.11 (11)

54. Figure 18.11 (12)

55. Figure 18.12 (1)

56. Figure 18.12 (2)

57. Mutualism

58. Figure 18.13 bulls horn acacia ants

59. Ant feed on plant nectar Ants attack animals that try to harm the plant

60. Figure 18.14 Complex mutualism pp. 664 ff. three fruit types three generations of wasps seed dispersal FIGWASP

61. Figure 18.15

62. Community Change Succession - the sequential change, over time, of the populations within a community –Primary (centuries) Volcanic island Glacier retreat –Secondary (decades) Abandoned field After a forest fire

69. Community Change Succession - the sequential change, over time, of the populations within a community If no change is occurring, the community is a stable, climax community or a mature, natural ecosystem.

71. a a

72. Mature Natural Ecosystem 1.Stable population (climax community). 2.Sunlight supplies the energy. 3.Chemical are cycled (short term). 4.Energy flows through the system.

73. Climax Community stable (doesn’t change) takes a long time to establish takes a long time to recover deforestation & desertification

74. Figure 18.16 (1)

75. Figure 18.16 (2)

76. Figure 18.16 (3)

77. Figure 18.16 (4)

78. Figure 18.18 (1)

79. Figure 18.18 (2)

80. We take too much from the environment We are poisoning ourselves (air, water, land) We use (and waste) too much energy It can’t go on like this forever Sustainability

81. Chapter 18 Biodiversity A. Definitions biodiversity, communities, niche B. Diversity Value of biodiversity ? Ways to preserve Loss of diversity Extinction (true- or pseudo-) C. Ecosystems (Biomes) Changes in communities Succession – primary and secondary Climax Community is mature, natural ecosystem stable population sunlight supplies energy chemical are cycled energy flows through system (lost as heat) Destruction of ecosystems examples:deforestation, desertification