1. Basics of Titration
by Michael Margreth

2. Basics One of the oldest analytical methods Based on chemical reaction
Determination of the volume of a standard solution (titrant)
Standard solution contains a defined number of molecules
Measuring volume = counting molecules
TITRATION MEANS COUNTING!

3. Titration
Start
Titrant
Sample

4. Titration
Endpoint
Titrant
Titrant + Sample

5. Titration
End
Titrant
Titrant + Sample

6. Principle of a Manual Titration
Titrant
Color indicator
- optical detection
manual control
manual addition

7. All in one!
Dosing
Measuring
Controlling
Evaluation

8. Titrations Modes Set Endpoint Titration SET
Monotonic Equivalence point Titration MET
Dynamic Equivalence point Titration DET
Karl Fischer Titration KFT

9. Set Endpoint Titration
Signal [pH/mV]
endpoint
volume

10. Monotonic Equivalence Point Titration
Signal [pH/mV]
equivalence point
volume

11. Dynamic Equivalence Point Titration
Signal [pH/mV]
equivalence point
volume

12. Volume increment In MET mode the steps are always the same
In DET mode the steps are calculated by the Titrando
MET Mode
DET Mode pH pH
EP1
EP1
V [mL]
V [mL]

13. Karl Fischer Titration
Signal [mg/min]
Endpoint
volume

14. Which mode for which titration?
SET
MET
DET
KFT
defined endpoint
slow reaction
quick reaction
Karl Fischer Titration
non-aqueous titration
duration has priority
non S-shaped curve
universal method (90%)

15. Endpoint evaluation
tangent method
circle method
derivative method

16. Titration steps sample preparation (homogeneity)
right electrode choice
possibly electrode conditioning
titrant preparation
titer determination
buret/ sample size choice
correct arrangement in titration vessel
stirrer rate
method parameters
results calculation
report

17. Arrangement
stirrer
buret
electrode

18. Titer What is a titer? Why do we need the titer? What is the unit?
Correction factor
Why do we need the titer?
To know the exact concentration of the titrant
What is the unit?
none
How is the titer determined?
With titrimetric standards
When do I have to determine a titer?
frequently

19. Advantages Absolute method Easy to carry out Carried out very rapidly
Versatile method
Highly reproducible and correct results
Can be automated
economical

21. Hardware definition
System

22. Titrant definition

23. Sensor definition

24. Method definition
Parameters

25. Titration method

26. Titration parameters

27. Sensor

28. Dosing device

29. Stirrer

30. Direct parameters

31. Direct parameters

32. Start conditions

33. Titration parameters

34. User defined parameters

35. Measurement density 4 default 0 high density 9 low density DET Mode
EP1
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
DET Mode pH
V [ml]
EP1
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
-0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
DET Mode pH
V [ml]

36. Stop conditions

37. Evaluation
All
Greatest
Last
Window
Fixed

38. Calculation
All
Greatest
Last
Window
Fixed

39. Report
All
Greatest
Last
Window
Fixed

40. Result report
All
Greatest
Last
Window
Fixed

41. Curve report
All
Greatest
Last
Window
Fixed