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Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition.

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Presentation on theme: "Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition."— Presentation transcript:

1 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Chapter 19 Neural Control of Human Movement

2 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Neuromotor System Organization 2 major parts –Central nervous system (CNS) –Peripheral nervous system

3 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

4 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Central Nervous System—The Brain 6 main areas –Medulla oblongata –Pons –Midbrain –Cerebellum –Diencephalon –Telencephalon

5 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

6 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Brainstem Medulla, pons, and midbrain –Medulla: serves as a bridge between the spinal cord and pons and cerebellum –Midbrain: connects the pons and cerebral hemispheres

7 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cerebellum Monitors and coordinates areas of the brain involved in motor control Fine tunes muscular activity

8 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus: regulates many bodily functions –Epithalamus –Subthalamus

9 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Telencephalon Contains two hemispheres of cerebral cortex 4 lobes –Frontal –Parietal –Temporal –Occipital

10 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

11 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Limbic System Borders the brainstem and corpus callosum

12 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Central Nervous System— The Spinal Cord 45 cm long, 1 cm diameter Encased by 33 vertebrae Provides for two-way flow of communication between brain and periphery via nerve tracts and sensory receptors

13 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Peripheral Nervous System 31 pairs of spinal nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves

14 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

15 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Peripheral Nervous System 2 types of efferent neurons –Somatic neurons: innervate skeletal muscle –Autonomic neurons: activate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, sweat and salivary glands, and some endocrine glands

16 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Sympathetic –Heart –Smooth muscle –Sweat glands –Viscera Parasympathetic –Thorax –Abdomen –Pelvic regions

17 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Reflex Arc Afferent neurons enter spinal cord via dorsal root. –Transmit sensory input Synapse with interneurons in spinal cord Efferent signals return via anterior motor neurons to the effector organ.

18 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

19 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Nerve Supply to Muscle Each muscle fiber is innervated. The number of muscle fibers per motor neuron is related to a muscle’s function.

20 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Motor Unit Anatomy Motor unit: one motor neuron and the specific muscle fibers it innervates Motor neuron pool: collection of motor neurons that innervate a single muscle

21 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition The Anterior Motoneuron Cell body Axon Myelin sheath Schwann cell Neurilemma Nodes of Ranvier Dendrites

22 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Neuromuscular Junction (Motor Endplate) Interface between the end of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber Anatomic features of a neuromuscular junction –Presynaptic terminals –Synaptic cleft –Postsynaptic membrane

23 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Excitation The AP stimulates the sac-like vesicles at the NMJ to release ACh. Endplate potential Action potential ACh hydrolysis by cholinesterase

24 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

25 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Facilitation Threshold for excitation –Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) –Resting membrane potential –Temporal summation –Spatial summation

26 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

27 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Inhibition Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Hyperpolarizes the neuron Prevents initiation of action potential

28 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Motor Unit Functional Characteristics Classified by –Twitch characteristics –Tension characteristics –Fatigability

29 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Twitch Characteristics 3 general patterns –Type IIb = Fast twitch, high force, fast fatigue –Type IIa = Fast twitch, moderate force, fatigue resistant –Type I = Slow twitch, low tension, fatigue resistant

30 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Tension Characteristics Gradation of force –Number of motor units recruited –Discharge frequency –Neuromuscular fatigue

31 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Receptors in Muscles, Joints, and Tendons: The Proprioceptors Proprioceptors relay information about muscular dynamics and limb movement.

32 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Muscle Spindles Located in muscles Provide information on fiber length and tension Allow for adjustments in muscle tension or force Stretch reflex –Spindle responding to stretch –Afferent nerve fiber –Efferent spinal cord motor neuron

33 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Golgi Tendon Organs Located at musculotendonous junction Detect difference in tension generated by active muscle Respond to tension generated by –Muscle contraction –Passive stretch Protect muscle from excessive load

34 Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Pacinian Corpuscles Small ellipsoidal bodies Located near Golgi tendon organs Embedded in a single unmyelinated nerve fiber Detect changes in movement or pressure

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