1. _______ __________ _________ Are bones dead? BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What components comprise the skeletal system?

2. Skeletal System Functions: _________ _________ _________ What types of animals DON’T have skeletons? List some examples of organs protected… Do all movements rely on skeletal system? What types of elements are most likely stored in bone? What does the skeletal system have to do with blood cells? Ask not what you can do for your skeleton… ask what your skeleton can do for you!

3. How does cartilage relate to the skeletal system?!? _________, _______ and _______ depend on hyaline cartilage! ChondroblastsChondrocytes LacunaePerichondrium FibroblastsBlood vessels

4. Explain why damaged cartilage takes a long time to heal. Why doesn’t articular cartilage have a perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves? Take 5!!! Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

5. Cartilage growth occurs in 2 regions… 1) __________ via _____________ cell division and matrix deposition ____________ growth 2) __________ via __________ division and matrix deposition Mary, Mary quite contrary how does your cartilage grow?!?

6. _____ _________ Longer than wide As long as wide Relatively thin (can be curved) Any shape left over How are the variety of bone shapes categorized?!?

7. Consist of 2 primary regions __________ The ends of longs bones, primarily cancellous bone The shaft of long bones, primarily compact bone What are the anatomical structures of long bones?

8. Cartilage (hyaline) plate between 2 regions plays special role!!! ___________ _____ The cartilage grows and becomes _________ tissue. Why wouldn’t you want growth here as an adult? What are the anatomical structures of long bones?

9. What is a good term for the membrane “around” the “bone” ? __________ 2 layers, contains blood vessels & nerves Single layer of cells lining medullary cavity and cancellous spaces __________ What are the anatomical structures of long bones?

10. Marrow Types: ______ ______ Distribution: __________ __________ Site of blood cell formation Mostly lipids, energy storage Location of red marrow Location of yellow marrow What are the anatomical structures of long bones?

11. ______ ___________ “Cancellous sandwich” no “dia” or “epi” physes Would you expect diaphysis? No diaphysis, small epiphyses possible What are the anatomical structures of flat, short and irregular bones?

12. Looking at this tissue… it is mostly ________ Mostly (65%) inorganic _______________ ~ Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 Organics are ________ and _______________ (35%) What are the histological features of bone?

13. Of the 2 components: fibers vs. crystals which type are missing from these bones? Normal long bone ? No _______ ? What are the histological features of bone?

14. Types of bone cells: (Most likely to have “osteo”) _____________ Cells from endosteum and inner periosteum __________ Cells forming matrix __________ Multinucleated cells “remodel” matrix BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What are the histological features of bone? __________ Cells “trapped” in matrix

15. Bone is classified depending on the arrangement of cells and matrix. ________ ~ Collagen fibers are __________ arranged ________ ~ Collagen fibers are arranged _________ What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)? Types:

16. __________ (_______) ~ Network of mineralized bone (_____________) with many spaces ~ ___________ fills up these spaces in life What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)? Types:

17. Referring back to our discussion of striae and collagen fibers, what direction do you suppose the trabeculae align in relation to stress? Types: Cancellous (spongy)

18. _________ ~ Dense _______ bone that is mineralized (mature) with numerous units (________) arranged around ___________ _________ Compare this photomicrograph to the diagram and locate the listed structures What are the other categories of bone besides the shapes (ex. Long, irregular etc.)? Types:

19. Compact bone has a specialized canal system for the transport of nutrients and waste products. Why isn’t such a system necessary in cancellous bone? Take 5!!! Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

20. 2 patterns of ossification: (compared in table 6.2) __________________ ______________ Note: Both types start as ________ ______, which is remodeled as it matures Originally _________ tissue __________ Originally ________ that is ossified OK Mary, we know about your cartilage… so how does your bone grow?

21. Intramembranous Ossification Occurs during _______ __________ and “finishes” by 2 years of age Woven bone fibers connect and thicken forming ________ (cancellous bone) Outer layer of __________ create outer layer of ________ fontanels How does your bone grow?

22. Endochondral Ossification How does your bone grow? Occurs during fetal development and “finishes” by “______________” Hyaline _______ ______ formed Presence of blood vessels on periphery cause “_________” to become “_______” Internal chondrocytes die and are replaced by ________ and ______ cells

23. Hyaline cartilage model formed… everything is “__________” Blood vessels invading ______________ stimulate __________ cells to become ______________ Perichondrium now becomes _______________ New osteoblasts form ________ _________ How does your bone grow? Endochondral Ossification

24. Buds of connective tissue from ___________ invade cartilage model. Bring in osteogenic cells. Osteoblasts form bone as ______ _______ enlarges Then what happens? Bone growth progresses towards ___________ medullary cavity enlarges How does your bone grow?

25. Osteoblasts form bone in __________ __________ center, beginning of ___________ How does your bone grow?

26. When bone is mature epiphyseal plate is ossified and becomes epiphyseal ______ How does your bone grow?

27. During endochondral ossification, calcification of cartilage results in the death of chondrocytes. Later in the process, ossification of the bone matrix does not result in the death of osteocytes. Why is this so? Take 5!!! Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.

28. We’ve talked about bone growth in length… what about diameter? Can bone display interstitial growth? Appositional _________ and _________ How does your bone grow?

30. Factors affecting bone growth: _________ Proteins Vitamins D & C _________ Growth hormone Thyroid hormone Sex hormones Needed for _______ portion of _______ Needed for ___ ________ and _______ formation ___________ overall growth Stimulates bone ________ and works with _____ Stimulates bone growth BUT also closure of __________ ______ How does your bone grow?

31. Fractures Bones can succumb to stress… resulting in a fracture Fractures categorized based on: 1) __________ _________ damage _______ Open wound extends to fracture No perforation of soft tissue Closed… soft tissue damage Need a good picture 5pts. e.c. What different types of bone injuries are there?

32. Fractures Fractures categorized based on: 2) ________ of bone damage _________ > or = 2 fragments NOT in 2 fragments What different types of bone injuries are there?

33. Fractures Fractures categorized based on: 3) _______ of bone damage Ex. _________ _________ Others: Displaced and non-, depressed, epiphyseal, and avulsion What different types of bone injuries are there?

34. 1) __________ forms (blood confined in a space or organ) Clot formation includes protein mesh of _______ 2) __________ ____ forms Clot is replaced by internal callus… Fibers, then cartilage, then bone Why? Bone repair in 5 steps or less… How do bones heal?

35. 3) _______ ______ forms Forms cartilage, then bone support Clean up dead bone, reshape medullary cavity and compact bone of external callus 4) __________ ________ in external and internal calluses 5) ___________ of bone How do bones heal?

36. Fractures Rate of healing is dependent in part on ______ _____ on the bone. Which person will heal more quickly? Why? Also on _______ activity. Sometimes electrical current applied to speed healing process. How do bones heal?

37. Ca and P homeostasis _________: needed for nerve cell action, muscle contraction, blood clotting and more ________: needed as a component of ATP, DNA and RNA Why are these elements important? How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?

38. Ca and P homeostasis regulated in part via 2 hormones: __________ minor role… secreted by ________ _______ ______ (parathyroid hormone) comes from _________ _______ How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?

39. PTH +PTH = blood Ca via bone and kidney activities Calcitonin minor role… +Calcitonin = blood Ca How does the Skeletal System regulate Ca & P?