1. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming1 Lecture 8 – Arrays (2) and Strings

2. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming2 Outline 8.1Passing Arrays to Function 8.2Displaying Array in a Function 8.3How Arrays are passed in a function call 8.4Introduction to Strings 8.5Strings Type 8.6Character Array 8.7Declaration of Strings 8.8Fundamentals of Strings & Characters 8.9Initialization of Strings 8.10Assigning Values to Strings 8.11Calculation of Strings Size 8.12Strings Conversion Functions 8.13Comparison Functions of the Strings 8.14ASCII Table

3. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming3 Passing Arrays to Function void fnInitialize (int aiList [ ]) { int iCount; for (iCount = 0; iCount < 5; iCount ++) aiList [iCount] = 0; } Initializes int array of size 5 to 0.

4. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming4 Array as Parameter in Function If size changes (lets say 10 or 20), need to write another function.  not practical and inflexible. Therefore, introduce another variable, iSize. void fnInitialize (int aiList [ ], int iSize) { int iCount; for (iCount = 0; iCount < iSize; iCount ++) aiList [iCount] = 0; }

5. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming5 Constant Arrays Prevent the function from changing the values in array. Use word const in declaration. Function can modify array aiX but not array aiY. void fnExample (int aiX[ ], const int aiY[ ], int iSizeX[ ],int iSizeY[ ]) { ….. …. }

6. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming6 Initialize an array to 0 void fnInitializeArray (int aiX[ ], int iSizeX) { int iCounter; for (iCounter = 0; iCounter < iSizeX; iCounter ++) aiX [iCounter] = 0; }

7. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming7 Read data and store it in an array void fnFillArray (int aiX[ ], int iSizeX) { int iCounter; for (iCounter = 0; iCounter < iSizeX; iCounter++) scanf (“%d”, &aiX [iCounter]); }

8. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming8 Displaying array in a function void fnPrintArray (const int aiX[ ], int iSizeX) { int iCounter; for (iCounter = 0; iCounter < iSizeX; iCounter ++) printf (“%d”, aiX [iCounter]); }

9. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming9 Find and return the sum of an array int fnSumArray (const int aiX[ ], int iSizeX) { int iCounter; int iSum = 0; for (iCounter = 0; iCounter < iSizeX; iCounter ++) iSum = iSum + aiX[iCounter]; return iSum; }

10. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming10 Find and return index of largest element of an array int fnIndexLargestElement (const int aiX[ ], int iSizeX) { int iCounter; int iMaxIndex = 0; for (iCounter = 0; iCounter < iSizeX; iCounter ++) if ( aiX[iMaxIndex] < aiX[iCounter] ) iMaxIndex = iCounter; return iMaxIndex; }

11. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming11 Copy an array into another array void fnCopyArray (const int aiX[ ], int aiY[ ], int iLength) { int iCounter; for (iCounter = 0; iCounter < iLength; iCounter ++) aiY[iCounter] = aiX[iCounter]; }

12. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming12 How arrays are passed in a function call #include const int iArraySize = 10; void fnInitializeArray (int aiX[], int iSizeX); void fnFillArray (int aiX[], int iSizeX); void fnPrintArray (const int aiX[], int iSizeX); int fnSumArray (const int aiX[], int iSizeX); int fnIndexLargestElement (const int aiX[], int iSizeX); void fnCopyArray (const int aiX[], int aiY[], int iLength);

13. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming13 How arrays are passed in a function call int main() { int aiListA [iArraySize] = {0}; int aiListB [iArraySize]; fnPrintArray (aiListA, iArraySize); fnInitializeArray (aiListB, iArraySize); fnPrintArray (aiListB, iArraySize); fnFillArray (aiListA, iArraySize); fnPrintArray (aiListA, iArraySize); fnSumArray (aiListA, iArraySize); fnCopyArray (aiListA, aiListB, iArraySize); fnPrintArray (aiListB, iArraySize); return 0; }

14. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming14 Sample Program #include void fnPrintArray (const int aiA[][3]);// function prototype //function main begins program execution int main() { //initialize array1, array2, array3 int aiArray1 [2][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6} }; int aiArray2 [2][3] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int aiArray3 [2][3] = { {1, 2 }, { 4 } }; printf (“Values in array1 by row are : \n); fnPrintArray (aiArray1); printf ("Values in array2 by row are : \n"); fnPrintArray (aiArray2); printf ("Values in array3 by row are : \n"); fnPrintArray (aiArray3); return 0; } // end of main

15. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming15 Sample Program (cont…) //function to display array with two rows and three columns void fnPrintArray (const int aiA[][3]) { int iRow; //row counter int iColumn; //column counter //loop through row for (iROw = 0; iRow <= 1; iRow++) { //output column values for (iColumn = 0; iColumn <= 2; iColumn++) { printf ("%d ", aiA[iRow][iColumn]); } //end inner for printf ("\n"); //start new line of output } //end outer for } //end function fnPrintArray

16. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming16 Sample Program (cont…) Output Values in array1 by row are : 1 2 3 4 5 6 Values in array2 by row are : 1 2 3 4 5 0 Values in array3 by row are : 1 2 0 4 0 0

17. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming17 What is a String? A string is a series of characters treated as a single unit. Strings can be treated as array of type char used to store names of people, places, or anything that involves a combination of letters. A string may include letters, digits and various special characters such as +, -, *, ? and $. String literals, or string constants, in C are written in double quotation marks ( “ ” ) as follows: “John Doe”(a name) “99999 Main Street” (a street address) “Kangar, Perlis”(a city and a state) “(012) 123-8755”(a telephone number)

18. What is a String? The data type string is a programmer-defined and is not part of the C language. The C standard library supplies it. A string with no characters is called a null or empty string. “ ” is the empty string. Every character in a string has a relative position in the string. The position of the first character is 0, position of the second is 1, and so on. The length of a string is the number of character in it. A string is accessed via a pointer to the first character in the string. The value of a string is the address of its first character. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming18

19. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming19 Example StringPosition of a CharacterLength of the String in the String “William Jacob”Position of ‘W’ is 013 Position of the first ‘i’ is 1 Position of ‘ ’ (the space) is 7 Position of ‘J’ is 8 Position of ‘b’ is 12 “Mickey”Position of ‘M’ is 06 Position of ‘i’ is 1 Position of ‘c’ is 2 Position of ‘k’ is 3 Position of ‘e’ is 4 Position of ‘y’ is 5

20. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming20 String Type To use the data type string, the program must include the header file string. #include The statement string acInfo = “Welcome”; declares acInfo to be string variable and also initializes info to “Welcome”. The position of the first character, ‘W’, in the info is 0, the position of the second character, ‘e’, is 1, and so on. The variable acInfo is capable of storing (just about) any size string.

21. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming21 Character Array (string of characters) char acInfo [10]; Can store “Welcome”, “Good Bye”. char acName [50]; Able to store shorter strings than total length. The last value in the string will be a null character (‘\0’).

22. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming22 Declaration of Strings An example of declaration of an array (or string of characters): It is not necessary that this max size of 10 characters should at all the times be fully used. acInfo could store at any part of the program either the string of characters “Welcome” or the string “Good Bye”. acInfo char acInfo [10]; can store a string up to 10 characters long, and may visualize it as below

23. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming23 Declaration of Strings (cont..) A null character, constant 0 or ‘\0’ can be written at the end of the valid content of a string if the characters to be stored is shorter than its total length (10 in this case). acInfo is an array of 10 elements of type char, could be represented by storing the strings of characters “Welcome” and “Good Bye” in the following way:

24. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming24 Declaration of Strings (cont..) W acInfo elcome\0 GeyBdoO to indicate end of string indefinite values

25. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming25 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters String declarations Declare as a character array or a variable of type char * char acInfo[] = “Welcome"; char *pcInfo = “Welcome"; Remember that strings represented as character arrays end with '\0' acInfo has 8 elements Inputting strings Use scanf scanf("%s", acWord); Copies input into acWord[] Does not need & (because a string is a pointer (slide 18)) Remember to leave room in the array for the null character ('\0’)

26. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming26 Initialization of string Similar to array, but each character is enclosed in ‘ ’ or “ ”. Example: char acNewString[]={‘W’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘c’, ‘o’, ‘m’, ‘e’, ‘\0’}; char acNewString[]= “Welcome”; ‘\0’ is automatically inserted. The difference is that single quotes (‘) are used to specify single character constants and null character must be added at the end of the sentence.

27. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming27 Initialization of string (cont…) On the other hand, double quotes (“) are constant that specify sequence of characters and always have a null character (‘\0’) automatically inserted at the end. char acNewString[]= {‘W’,‘e’,‘l’,‘c’,‘o’,‘m’,‘e’,‘\0’}; char acNewString[] = “Welcome”; Single quotes – null char must be added Double quotes – null char automatically inserted

28. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming28 The examples below are not valid for string of characters (array). newstring = “Welcome”; //no [] and data type newstring [] =“Welcome”; //no data type newstring = {‘W’,‘e’,‘l’,‘c’,‘o’,‘m’,‘e’,‘\0’}; //no [] and data type Initialization of string (cont…)

29. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming29 Assigning values to string The left hand side value of an assignation can only be array items and not the entire array, a possible way to assign a string of characters to an array of char can be shown as: acNewString[0] = ‘W’; acNewString [1] = ‘e’; acNewString [2] = ‘l’; acNewString [3] = ‘c’; acNewString [4] = ‘o’; acNewString [5] = ‘m’; acNewString [6] = ‘e’; acNewString [7] = ‘\0’;

30. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming30 Calculation of string size char is 1 byte, the total number of alphabets plus a null would be the size of the string. Example program: #include char acNewString[] = {'W','e','l','c','o','m','e','\0'}; char acMyString[] = "Good Bye"; int main() { printf ("Size of acNewString is %d", sizeof (acNewString)); //size of string Welcome printf ("\nSize of acMyString is %d", sizeof (acMyString));// size of string Good Bye return 0; } What is the output?

31. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming31 Character and string manipulation Examples: a program may need to verify that an ID number of first year students starts with ‘09’. determine whether last three characters in a part number are valid. Built-in functions available – makes it easier.

32. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming32 Controlling the case of a character ‘K’ is not equal to ‘k’. You use: if (cChoice == ‘K’ || cChoice == ‘k’) while (cChoice == ‘Y’ || cChoice == ‘y’) Can use a function that temporarily converts the letter to uppercase or lowercase before comparing it. strupr(charVariable) strlwr(charVariable)

33. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming33 Controlling the case of a character (Example) char cChoice; printf ( “Continue? (Y or N) : “); scanf (“%c”, &cChoice); while (strupr(cChoice) == ‘Y’) { ….. }

34. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming34 Controlling the case of a character (Example) char acName[]; printf (“Enter a name : “); scanf (“%s”, acName); strupr(acName); printf("The name in uppercase is %s", acName );

35. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming35 Sample Program To convert a string to uppercase #include void main() { char acName[20];/* declare an array of characters 0-79 */ printf("Enter in a name in lowercase\n"); scanf( "%s", acName ); strupr(acName); printf("The name in uppercase is %s", acName ); } Output Enter in a name in lowercase john The name in uppercase is JOHN

36. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming36 Controlling the case of a character Real value does not changed. The functions only affect characters of letters or alphabets. Does not affect numbers and special characters such as $ and %. If the character is already lowercase or uppercase, the function will not affect the real value. It will return the original value. char cRepeat = ‘Y’; cLetter = strupr(cRepeat); cLetter = ?

37. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming37 Strings Conversion Functions Conversion functions In (general utilities library) Convert strings of digits to integer and floating-point values

38. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming38 Strings Comparison Functions Comparing strings Computer compares numeric ASCII codes of characters in string int strcmp( const char *s1, const char *s2 ); Compares string s1 to s2 Returns a negative number if s1 s2 int strncmp( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n ); Compares up to n characters of string s1 to s2 Returns values as above

39. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming39 ASCII Table ASCII Character Set 0123456789 0nulsohstxetxeotenqackbelbsht 1Ifvtffcrsosidledc1dc2dc3 2dc4naksynetbcanemsubescfsgs 3rsussp!“#$%&` 4()*+,-./01 523456789:; 6<=>?@ABCDE 7FGHIJKLMNO 8PQRSTUVWXY 9Z[\]^_’abC 10defghijklM 11nopqrstUvW 12xyz{|}~del

40. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11 EKT 120 Computer Programming40 Sample Program 1 #include int main() { char acString1[ 20 ], acString2[ 20 ]; //declaration of acString1 and acString2 int iResult; printf( "Enter two strings: " ); scanf( "%s %s", acString1, acString2 ); iResult = strcmp( acString1, acString2 ); //compare between acString1 and acString2 if ( iResult > 0 ) printf( "\"%s\" is greater than \"%s\"\n",acString1, acString2 ); else if ( iResult == 0 ) printf( "\"%s\" is equal to \"%s\"\n",acString1, acString2 ); else printf( "\"%s\" is less than \"%s\"\n",acString1, acString2 ); return 0; }

41. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming41 Sample Program 1 (cont…) Output Enter two strings: computer programming "computer" is less than "programming" Enter two strings: programming computer "programming" is greater than "computer"

42. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11 EKT 120 Computer Programming42 Sample Program 2 #include int main() { char acString1[ 20 ], acString2[ 20 ]; int iResult, iCompareCount; printf( "Enter two strings: " ); scanf( "%s %s", acString1, acString2 ); printf( "How many characters should be compared: " ); scanf( "%d", &iCompareCount ); iResult = strncmp( acString1, acString2, iCompareCount ); if (iResult > 0 ) printf( "\"%s\" is greater than \"%s\" up to %d characters\n", acString1, acString2, iCompareCount ); else if ( iResult == 0 ) printf( "\"%s\" is equal to \"%s\" up to %d characters\n", acString1, acString2, iCompareCount ); else printf( "\"%s\" is less than \"%s\" up to %d characters\n", acString1, acString2, iCompareCount ); return 0; }

43. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming43 Sample Program 2 (cont…) Output Enter two strings: computer programming How many characters should be compared: 7 "computer" is less than "programming" up to 7 characters Enter two strings: programming computer How many characters should be compared: 7 "programming" is greater than "computer" up to 7 characters

44. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming44 Built in Functions for String Handling strcat Appends a string strchr Finds first occurrence of a given character strcmp Compares two strings strcmpi Compares two strings, non-case sensitive strcpy Copies one string to another strlen Finds length of a string strlwr Converts a string to lowercase strncat Appends n characters of string strncmp Compares n characters of two strings strncpy Copies n characters of one string to another strnset Sets n characters of string to a given character strrchr Finds last occurrence of given character in string strrev Reverses string strset Sets all characters of string to a given character strspn Finds first substring from given character set in string strupr Converts string to uppercase

45. UniMAP SEM I - 10/11EKT 120 Computer Programming45 End – Arrays (2) & Strings Q & A!