1. ROMAN EMPIRE

2. I. REPUBLIC COLLAPSES A. ECONOMIC TURMOIL 1. RICH V. POOR a) LATIFUNDIA – HUGE ESTATES (PLANTATIONS)

3. …PROBLEMS 1. CREATED BY (a) CONQUERING LANDS (b) TAKING UNATTENDED LANDS OF SOLDIERS

4. b. LABOR (1) SLAVES FROM PUNIC WARS (2) 1/3 OF ROME’S POPULATION

5. C. CAUSES OF LOSS OF LAND (1) COULD NOT COMPETE WITH SLAVE LABOR (2) SOLD LANDS TO WEALTHY

6. d. EFFECTS OF LAND LOSS (PLEBEIANS) (1) INCREASED HOMELESS & JOBLESS (↑UNEMPLOYMENT) (2) BECAME MIGRANT WORKERS (3) MOVED TO CITIES – REMAINED UNEMPLOYED

7. e. EFFECTS OF LAND LOSS (PATRICIANS) (1) BECAME CORRUPT (2) INCREASED CLASS TENSIONS (3) CONTRIBUTED TO FALL OF REPUBLIC

8. 2. THE GRACHUS a) PROPOSED REFORMS (1) LIMITED LATIFUNDIA SIZE (2) GIVE LAND TO THE POOR

9. …GRACHUS b) REACTION (1) OPPOSED BY SENATE (PATRICIANS) (2) BOTH GRACHUS DIED VIOLENT DEATHS (3) LED TO PERIOD OF CIVIL WAR

11. B. MILITARY UPHEAVAL (CHANGES) 1. MILITARY LESS LOYAL 2. GENERALS BEGAN SEIZING POWER 3. RECRUITED SOLDIERS FROM UNEMPLOYED 4. FOUGHT FOR MONEY & LAND

12. …CHANGES 5. ALLEGIANCES SHIFTED FROM ROME TO GENERALS 6. SHIFT FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER 7. LEADERS COULD TAKE OVER BY FORCE

13. C. MARIUS V. SULLA 1. CONSULS WHO FOUGHT CIVIL WAR (ENTERED ROME WITH SOLDIERS) 2. SULLA ELECTED DICTATOR

14. D. JULIUS CAESAR 1. TRIUMVIRATE - GROUP OF THREE LEADERS (CONSULS) a) JULIUS CAESAR b) MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS c) GAIUS POMPEY

15. BUST OF JULIUS CAESAR

16. 2. CAESAR AS LEADER a) STRONG LEADER b) SERVED 1 YEAR TERM AS CONSUL c) BECAME GOVERNOR (PROCONSUL) OF GAUL (FRANCE) d) CONQUERED ALL OF GAUL

17. 3. CAESAR V. POMPEY CIVIL WAR a) ORDERED TO RETURN WITHOUT LEGIONS b) CROSSING RUBICON LED TO CIVIL WAR (POINT OF NO RETURN)

19. …CAESAR V. POMPEY c) CROSSED RUBICON AND DEFEATED POMPEY IN GREECE d) ELECTED DICTATOR, THEN DICTATOR FOR LIFE

21. E. CAESAR’S REFORMS 1. WEAKENING PATRICIAN POWER a) EXPANDED CITIZENSHIP b) ADDED FRIENDS TO SENATE

22. …REFORMS c) CREATED JOBS THROUGH BUILDING PROJECTS d) CREATED COLONIES FOR LANDLESS

23. F. CAESAR’S DEATH 1.PATRICIAN CLASS (SENATE) AFRAID OF REFORMS 2. SENATORS PLOTTED HIS ASSASSINATION 3. STABBED TO DEATH IN SENATE (IDES OF MARCH)

25. G. BEGINNING OF EMPIRE 1. 2ND TRIUMVIRATE a.) CIVIL WAR LED TO END OF REPUBLIC

26. …TRIUMVIRATE (1) OCTAVIAN - GRANDNEPHEW & ADOPTED SON (DYNASTY?) (2) MARK ANTONY – CAESAR’S GENERAL

27. …TRIUMVIRATE (3) LEPIDUS - POWERFUL PATRICIAN POLITICIAN

28. 2. END OF TRIUMVIRATE a) LEPIDUS FORCED TO RETIRE

29. b) MARK ANTONY & CLEOPATRA (1) ACCUSED OF TRYING TO RULE ROME FROM ALEXANDRIA (2) LED TO CIVIL WAR (3) MARK ANTONY DEFEATED BY OCTAVIAN

31. CLEOPATRA

32. 3. EMPEROR AUGUSTUS a) KEPT GOVT. FORM AS REPUBLIC b) BECAME UNCHALLENGED RULER c) TITLED HIMSELF AUGUSTUS

34. II. EMPIRE A. INTRODUCTION 1. PAX ROMANA (GOLDEN AGE) a) 200 YEARS OF PEACE b) EMPIRE 3 MILLION SQ. MILES

35. …INTRO c) EMPIRE’S POPULATION 60-80 MILLION d) ROME’S POPULATION 1 MILLION

36. B. SOUND GOVERNMENT 1. ACCOMPLISHMENTS a) STABILIZED FRONTIER b) BUILDING PROGRAMS

38. …GOVERNMENT c) CIVIL SERVICE (1) PAID GOVERNMENT WORKERS (2) MANAGED GRAIN SUPPLY, TAXES, POSTAL SYSTEM….

39. …GOVERNMENT 2. AUGUSTUS’ DEATH a) SYSTEM (CIVIL SERVICE) MAINTAINED STABILITY b) CARRIED OUT DAY TO DAY TASKS WITHOUT EMPEROR

40. C. AGRICULTURE & TRADE 1. AGRICULTURE a) MOST PEOPLE FARMERS (90%) b) LOCAL PRODUCE SUPPORTED PEOPLE

41. 2. MONEY a) SILVER COIN - DENARIUS USED THROUGHOUT EMPIRE (COMMON CURRENCY) c) TRADE BECAME EASIER, (ENCOURAGED CULTURAL DIFFUSION)

42. 3. TRADE NETWORK a) MED. SHIPPING PROTECTED BY NAVY b) IMPORTANT CITIES 1.) CORINTH, EPHESUS, ANTIOCH, ALEXANDRIA (BECAME CENTERS OF CHRISTIANITY)

43. c) ROADS (1) LINKED EMPIRE TOGETHER (2) BUILT FOR MILITARY USE. BECAME TRADE ROUTES

44. …ROADS (3) IMPORTANT ROADS (a) SILK ROAD - CHINA TO WESTERN EUROPE (TRADE ROUTE) (b) APIAN WAY - LINKED NORTHERN & SOUTHERN ITALY

46. APPIAN WAY

47. …ROADS (c) ENCOURAGED CULTURAL DIFFUSION AND TRADE BECAUSE OF SAFE TRAVEL THROUGHOUT EMPIRE

48. D. LANGUAGE & LITERATURE 1. LATIN a) OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF EMPIRE b) UNIFIED EMPIRE

49. …LANGUAGE c) REMAINED COMMON LANGUAGE OF EUROPE THROUGH 1500 A.D. d) ROMANCE LANGUAGES - ITALIAN, FRENCH, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE, ROMANIAN

50. E. JULIAN EMPERORS 1. TIBERIUS a.) ADOPTED SON OF AUGUSTUS b.) ACCUSED MANY OF TREASON c.) KILLED BY PRAETORIAN GUARD

51. 2. CALIGULA a.) TIBERIUS’ GRAND NEPHEW b.) MADE HORSE A SENATOR c.) BECAME MENTALLY ILL, KILLED BY PRAETORIAN GUARD

52. CALIGULA

53. 3. CLAUDIUS a.) CALIGULA’S UNCLE b.) SCHOLAR WHO LOST FOCUS ON STATE AFFAIRS

54. 4. NERO a.) CLAUDIUS’ STEPSON b.) BANKRUPTED ROME c.) PARANOID, KILLED MOTHER & SENATORS d.) SENTENCED TO DEATH FOR TREASON e.) COMMITTED SUICIDE

55. NERO

56. G. THE GOOD EMPERORS 1.KNOWN FOR LEADERSHIP & SUPPORT OF BUILDING PROJECTS 2. TRAJAN - EXTENDED EMPIRE TO LARGEST SIZE

57. …GOOD 3. HADRIAN - STRENGTHENED FORTIFICATIONS (HADRIAN’S WALL)

58. HADRIAN’ WALL

60. …GOOD 4. AURELIUS - INCREASED ECONOMIC STRENGTH OF ROME 5. ALL LIVED BY STOIC PHILOSOPHY - LEADING SIMPLE LIVES