1. Bellringer March 19, 2012 Take out your Chapter 8 Notes Take out something to write with

2. Chapter 8, Section 3: The Fall of the Republic

3. Objectives Today you will learn: How the use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and corruption, and brought the army into politics How the failure of the republic led to the creation of the Roman Empire

4. *Trouble in the republic *Problems at home –  *Dishonest officials stole money  *Gap growing between rich and poor  *Thousands of farmers faced ruins  *Cities overcrowded & dangerous

5. *Rich vs. poor *The rich – ran the Senate, held most powerful gov’t jobs, handled Rome’s finances, and directed wars *Many farmers - were in debt & sold their land to work in the cities

6. Rich versus poor *Slaves – POWs used by patricians, forced small farmers out of business *Latifundia – large farming estates

7. *Why did reform fail? *Tiberius & Gaius – bros that thought that many of Rome’s problems were caused by the loss of the small farms. *Asked the Senate to take back public lands, divided it among landless Romans

8. Why did reform fail? *Greedy Senators put their own interest above the welfare of the Republic *133 B.C. – Tiberius killed *121 B.C. – Gaius killed

9. *The army enters politics *Marius – military leader. B/c consul in 107 B.C. *Paid soldiers – Marius recruited soldiers from the poor, paid them *promised them land

10. The army enters politics *Sulla – Rival of Marius.  *82 B.C. made himself dictator  *Weakened – the Council of Plebs  *Strengthened – the Senate *Civil War – over his hope of recapturing the Republic’s glory days  Era of Civil Wars for the next 50 years

11. *Julius Caesar *1 st Triumvirate – Crassus, Pompey, & Caesar *Triumvirate – political alliance of 3 ppl

12. Julius Caesar *Julius Caesar was very popular w/the poor *The Senate wanted Pompey to rule alone

13. *Caesar’s military campaigns Pompey – Spain Crassus – Syria Caesar – Gaul Crassus killed in battle in 53 B.C. Senate – Caesar give up his army, come home

14. Caesar’s military campaigns *Rubicon – small river at southern boundary of command area *Caesar knew he was starting a civil war *“Crossing the Rubicon” – means making a decision you cannot take back

15. Caesar’s rise to power *44 B.C. Declared himself dictator of Rome for life *Caesar appointed his friends – filled the Senate w/ new members loyal to him

16. *Caesar’s rise to power *Policies made him pop. w/ the poor –  *Provided land for the landless  *Created work for unemployed  *Ordered landowners using slaves to hire free workers *Julian Calendar – 12 months, 365 days, leap year  *Used until A. D. 1582 in Europe Months Lengths before 45 BC Lengths as of 45 BC Ianuarius [3] 2931 Februarius 28 (leap years: 23 or 24) 28 (leap years: 29) Martius31 Aprilis2930 Maius31 Iunius [3] 2930 Quintilis [4] Quintilis [4] (Iulius) 31 Sextilis Sextilis (Augustus)Augustus 2931 September2930 October31 November2930 December2931 Intercalaris 0 (leap years: 27) (inserted between the shortened February and March)

17. Caesar’s rise to power *Enemies feared he wanted to be king *Ides of March – Day Caesar was murdered (March 15)  In Roman times, the Ides of March was a festive day dedicated to the god Mars and a military parade was usually held.  “Eu tu, Brute?”

18. Caesar’s rise to power *Civil War – Caesar’s death plunged Rome into another Civil War *Octavian – Caesar’s grandnephew – inherited Caesar’s wealth *Antony & Lepidus – 2 of Caesar’s top generals

19. *The 2 nd Triumvirate *2 nd Triumvirate – began quarreling almost immediately *Problems w/in - Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics  *Divided the Roman world between Octavian and Antony  Octavian – west  Antony - east

20. The Second Triumvirate *Battle of Actium – 31 B.C. battle of the west coast of Greece.  *Octavian destroyed the army/navy of Antony and Cleopatra

21. *Who was Augustus? *Cicero – political leader, writer, Rome’s greatest political speaker  Against dictators  Swayed many Romans  Influenced framers of the Constitution *Imperator – came to mean “emperor” *Octavian took the title of Augustus – “the reverend or majestic one”

22. Other Info: T he emblem for the army was the eagle surrounded by a victory wreath. Underneath are the letters SPQR which are Latin for The Senate and People of Rome

23. Caesar & Cleopatra Cleopatra was born in Alexandria, Egypt in 69 B.C. When her father, Ptolemy XII died in 51 B.C., Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII succeeded jointly to the throne. They married as was the custom in Egyptian royal families. In 48 B.C. Ptolemy assumed control of the government and drove Cleopatra from the throne. Shortly before this event there had been civil war in Rome between Julius Caesar and Pompey, for the leadership of Rome. Pompey was losing to Caesar, so he fled to Egypt to seek sanctuary. Caesar followed him there. When Caesar arrived in Egypt, he was amazed to discover that Pompey had been beheaded by the Egyptians four days before. During this visit was the first time that Caesar met Cleopatra. They instantly fell in love. Caesar helped Cleopatra defeat her political enemies, but during one of these battles the library at Alexandria was burnt down. It was an enormous loss. A few years later, Cleopatra gave birth to a son, Caesarion, whom she claimed was Caesar's. In 46 B.C., Cleopatra went to Rome with her newborn son to visit Caesar. She stayed in the city until the year Caesar was assassinated, 44 B.C. After she returned back to Egypt, she ordered the death of her brother so that her own son could eventually become the sole heir to the Egyptian throne.

24. Homework Take out a sheet of paper: Title: Chapter 8, Section 3 Review Quiz Number it 1 - 5