1. 1 Course : بسم الله الرّحمن الرّحيم Chapter 8 : Radioisotope Lab Techniques Omrane KADRI, Ph.D. okadri@KSU.EDU.SA Office 2021 Health Safety & Radiation Protection (RAD453)

2. 2 1.Protective Clothing 2.The Workplace 3.Manipulations of Radioactive Materials 4.Radioactive Material Spills ( Minor and Major Spills) 5.Radioactive Waste Disposal 6.Radioactive Contamination Survey & Limits 7.Control Measures for Radioactive Contamination 8.Radiation Survey & Limits 9.Control Measures for Radiation Levels Outline

3. 3 3 1) Protective Clothing We are required to take special precautions to minimize the external and internal hazard from radiation and radioactive contamination.  Some general regulations and techniques that should be followed in the radioisotope lab. 1. Lab coats should be worn when manipulating radioactive materials to prevent contamination of street clothing. 2. Single use plastic gloves should always be worn when using radioactive materials. Personnel with breaks in the skin should use waterproof tape to seal such breaks or not use radioactive material. 3. Care should be exercised to not transfer contamination from the hands or lab coat by reflex actions such as wiping one's brow.

4. 4 4 2) The Workplace 1. Areas in which radioactive material are used should be covered with plastic backed absorbent paper to contain spills and prevent contamination of the working surface. 2. Drip trays can be used to transfer beakers, test tubes… 3. Change absorbent paper at regular intervals to prevent cross contamination. 4. Label all containers used for radioactive materials work and keep the work areas neat and clean to prevent accidents. 5. Secure all radioactive materials from unauthorized removal and closing or locking the lab door when materials must be left unattended (refrigerator/freezer) 6. There must be no eating, drinking, smoking, or storage of food in areas in which radioactive materials are used.

5. 5 5 3) Manipulation of Radioactive Materials 1. No mouth pipetting is allowed. Use a safety pipetting aid for dispensing with standard laboratory pipettes (e.g. Eppendorf or other precision pipettes). Contaminated one’s should be placed in radioactive waste containers. 2. Containers used in mixing, shaking, or centrifuging operations should be intact and sealed with parafilm to prevent spillage. 3. Prepare samples carefully. Heating, drying, distilling, and other operations which could result in volatilization of the material should be performed in a fume hood or glove box. 4. Provide proper shielding to reduce exposure. 5. Whenever possible, practice operation with non-radioactive materials to ensure that the technique will be reasonably free of incidents. 6. Accurate records of radioactive material inventory.

6. 6 6 4) Radioactive Material Spills All spills of radioactive material must be cleaned promptly. The responsibility rests on the individual working in the area involved and responsible for the spill. Under no circumstances should an untrained person attempt to examine or clean up a spill of radioactive material. The following general procedures should be followed when dealing with spills of radioactive materials:

7. 7 7 4) Radioactive Material Spills Major Spills Those involving significant radiation hazards to personnel shall be decontaminated under the direct supervision of a qualified person. - Notify all personnel not involved with the spill to vacate the area at once. - Affected persons should limit their movement to confine spread of contamination. - Contain the spill from further spread. - Remove contaminated clothing. - Shut off ventilating equipment (if possible) that may transport contaminated air - Assemble in a nearby safe or clean area and begin monitoring and decontamination of affected persons. - Do Not Leave the Area unless adequately decontaminated.

8. 8 8 4) Radioactive Material Spills Minor Spills Those involving little or no radiation hazard to personnel may be decontaminated by laboratory personnel under the direction of the laboratory supervisor. - Contain the spill (absorbent material, protective barrier), close doors and windows, turn off room ventilation fans. - Inform the others of the spill - Decontaminate the area (provide adequate protection and supplies for personnel involved in the cleanup). Begin at the periphery and work toward the center of the contamination. Cover cleaned area with plastic to prevent its recontamination. Place all contaminated items in the proper waste containers. - Monitor the area, personnel and materials using appropriate survey techniques. Other emergencies such as fire, lost or stolen radioactive material, etc. require the same basic responses as described above  Containment, Notification, Corrective Action, Monitoring. The proper authorities should be notified at once of such incidents and will act with other authorities to control emergencies of this nature.

9. 9 9 5) Radioactive Waste Disposal Care should be exercised when disposing of waste in different physical or chemical forms: - Liquid wastes containing acids should not be mixed with liquids containing bases. Aqueous liquids should not be mixed with organic liquids. - Pipettes and other sharp objects should be bundled together in order to prevent them from puncturing the inner liner of the dry waste container. - Biological waste should contain sufficient amounts of a preservative and absorbent to prevent decomposition. - Radioactive biohazard waste must be treated in the same manner as regular biohazard waste before being placed into radioactive waste containers.

10. 10 6) Radioactive Contamination Survey & Limits Surveys for radiation and removable radioactive contamination must be performed after each use of radioactive materials. The purpose of this survey is to identify any contamination present and to prevent its spread. Appropriate radiation survey equipment should be available to users for the type of surveys required for the laboratory. Such survey equipment must be properly calibrated for energy and type of radionuclide in use at least every six months.  To perform a survey, choose sites in the lab where the radioactive material has been used. Areas or equipment such as floors near the work area, waste containers, water baths, storage areas, hoods, etc. are good places to start. Each site chosen should be labeled on a diagram or floor plan of the lab for later referral in interpreting results.

11. 11 6) Radioactive Contamination Survey & Limits Survey for Removable Contamination Contamination not fixed to a surface can be transferred to hands, clothing, notebooks, pens, etc. leading to internal exposure or contamination of clean areas. The most common survey procedure to detect the presence of loose contamination is called a wipe test.  a piece of filter paper (usually about 1 inch square or circular) is used to wipe over a surface suspected of being contaminated.  it may be necessary to wet the wipe material with alcohol or other solvent for better adhesion of contaminated particles to the wipe material.  a single wipe can be used to determine contamination over a large surface such as a floor.  if radioactivity is found a series of wipes covering smaller areas should be performed.  then, place them in separate vials and treat them as potentially contaminated until analyzed.  prepare the wipes for analysis as you would a regular sample.  analyze the wipe samples, using an appropriate instrument (For beta radioactivity with energies > 100 keV, you can hold the wipe material one cm away from a GM tube and observe the count rate and for E < 200 keV you can use liquid scintillation counting system. Wipe samples of gamma or x-ray emitters should be analyzed using a gamma counting system.

12. 12 6) Radioactive Contamination Survey & Limits Survey for Fixed Contamination - In laboratories where high energy beta emission (E> 100 keV), a survey for fixed contamination should be performed using a GM survey instrument. - For gamma emission, a dedicated survey instrument calibrated for the particular radioisotope should be used to scan the area suspected of being contaminated.  To prevent possible contamination of the probe, do not let it touch the surface being surveyed.  Sites in which the results are twice the background rate could indicate radioactive contamination.  Record the results of the survey on the laboratory diagram.  Any fixed contamination should be tested for removable activity as described above.

13. 13 6) Radioactive Contamination Survey & Limits Radioactive Contamination Limits The following removable contamination limits can be used as a guide when working with loose radioactive material. By observing good radioisotope laboratory practices, contamination levels should be kept to less than 10 % of the maximum limits. - When contamination levels approach the Control Point values, appropriate control measures as described below should be taken. -Contamination results greater than the maximum limits should be reported to the supervisor and cleaned up right away. -Corrective steps should be taken to prevent reoccurrences. Removable Contamination Limits (dpm/100 cm 2 ) ApplicationAlphaBeta/Gamma Control PointMaximumControl PointMaximum Basic Guide for equipment or surface in a controlled area 25050025005000 Clean Areas501005001000

14. 14 7) Control Measures for Radioactive Contamination - The primary concern with radioactive contamination is to prevent its spread to other areas, and prevent its uptake into the body. - Once contaminated, it is important to stay in the area, alert the others and request assistance. Personnel Contamination -Contamination of the skin or hair may be washed off with soap and water or commercially available decontamination solutions (repeat washings and take care to not break the skin) - Contaminated clothing should be removed in a suitable area while being properly monitored - Clothing may be discarded as waste, stored for decay, or washed. -The area must be surveyed after cleanup. If an uptake (inhalation, ingestion, etc.) is suspected contact authorities for appropriate bioassays.

15. 15 7) Control Measures for Radioactive Contamination Equipment or Area Contamination a) Equipment or work surfaces can be cleaned using soap or commercially available decontaminating solutions. Decontaminating procedures must prevent the spread of contamination and minimize the amount of waste generated. - Assemble all cleaning supplies and equipment before starting, remove or cover non-contaminated items. - Place contaminated items in designated areas for clean-up, i.e., a fume hood if airborne activity can be generated during clean-up. - Wear proper protective clothing. - Control access to the designated work area and post appropriate cautionary signs. - To minimize fixation of the contaminant, perform the decontamination as soon as practical. - Start on the outside and work in to the most contaminated area. - Monitor results of clean-up regularly. b) Fixed contamination can be sealed with paint, plastic, or covering to prevent egress.

16. 16 8) Radiation Survey & Limits Radiation Survey Procedures - Radiation exposure rates should be measured using an ion chamber type survey instrument. - GM counters can be used to measure exposure rates in mR/hr or R/hr as long as the energy of the X or gamma radiation is known and the instrument is calibrated for this particular energy. - Before using any instrument, become familiar with its proper operation including its calibration (should be marked on the instrument).

17. 17 8) Radiation Survey & Limits Radiation Limits The following radiation limits should be used as a guide when planning areas for radioactive materials work, material storage, waste storage, etc. Radiation Limits Application From Fixed contaminationFrom other sources Controlled area1.02.5 Clean areas0.52.0 Skin, personal clothing0.1-- Release of materials or facilities 0.2--

18. 18 9) Control Measures for Radiation Levels -The goal of each worker should be to maintain his or her exposure ALARA. -When working with radioactive material yielding high radiation levels, special precautions may be necessary to limit exposure to the worker and the others. 1. Perform a radiation survey of the material to determine what kind of radiation levels exist. If appropriate, a survey for removable contamination should be performed. 2. Determine if the material can be safely handled without creating a hazard to yourself or others in the area. A general rule is that the guide for radiation workers is 100 mrem per week (5 Rem/yr - 50 weeks/work year). Therefore, base how long you should work in an area without exceeding this or any other specified limit by calculating your stay time: Stay Time = Limit (100 mrem) /Dose Rate (mrem/hr) 3. Use appropriate handling tools and shielding to reduce overall radiation exposure. 4. When finished, perform an appropriate contamination or radiation survey.

19. 19 Second Mid-term Exam