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Reservations, Boarding Schools, Railroads, and Environmental Damage John Gast, American Progress
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Economic Development, 1860-1890
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Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869
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Southern Railroads in 1859
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Southern Railroads in 1899
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Transcontinental Railroad May 10 th, 1869 Union Pacific & Central Pacific Pacific Railroad Act, 1862 Irish, Chinese, Mexican, Native, Eastern European workers
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Benefits National & Cultural Exchange 1872 = 57,300 miles 1882 = 114,400 miles 1900 = 200,000 miles Western recruitment
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Rabbit Drive, San Joaquin Valley, CA 1890s
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Detroit, 1880
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Fate of the Buffalo 1872 – 1874 = 4 million buffalo killed Mid-1880s = 5,000 buffalo survived Reservations Kansas Pacific Railroad Advertisement, 1870
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“Indian Crania” Studies Early to mid- 1800s 1850s = American Phrenological Journal had 50,000 subscribers What could they reveal?
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Reservation Policy Indian Removal Act, 1830 370 treaties 1850s = 8 reservations Today = 286 reservations 511 federally-recognized tribes 950,000 Natives + 370,000 non-Natives on reservations
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Legal Background Dawes Act of 1887 Bureau of Indian Affairs 1934 = Indian Re- organization Act “Quasi-sovereign domestic nations”
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Boarding Schools Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania, 1885
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Why Boarding Schools? 19 th century “Civilization” Global connections The Indian Wars Children as “hostages for good behavior of their parents”
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Types of Schools Off-reservation boarding schools vs. on- reservation days schools Christian missionaries, Office of Indian Affairs & federal government 1870 = Turning point in funding
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183251 schools1,865 students 183652 schools1,381 students 184252 schools2,873 students 1861147 schools? 1871286 schools6,061 students 1876344 schools11, 328 students 1879356 schools13,343 students
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Characteristics Differences in punishment 5 – 18 years old & 3-year school term Children “taught to despise every custom of their forefathers, including religion, language, songs, dress, ideas, and method of living”
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Lessons Haircuts Trouser & dresses Soap, water, combs English names Sitting in chairs Forks & spoons Prayers Flag raising Household & farm chores Tailoring Shoemaking Carpentry Baking Washing clothes Making broomsticks
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Students at Albuquerque Indian School Laundry Classes at Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania
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Albuquerque Indian School
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Recent Activism Over 200 museums 1978 = Native American Religious Freedom Act 1990 = Native American Graves Protection & Repatriation Act
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Rocky Mountain School of Painting Albert Bierstadt, Merced River – Yosemite, 1866
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Creation of National Parks The Yosemite Act, 1864 Yellowstone, 1872
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