2. Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

3.  Learning: relatively permanent state of change in an individual that results from acquiring new knowledge, skills, and/or experience Time One Time Two

4.  Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli  Simplest form of learning in humans  Examples: wearing clothes, chronic snorers

5.  Process of responding to a stimulus more strongly over time to repeated stimuli  Most likely when stimulus is dangerous or irritating  Examples: whispering in movie theater, being the partner of a chronic snorer

7.  Ivan Pavlov  Studied Digestion of Dogs.  Dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)  Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate  Realised the process involves pairing a neutral stimulus with one that typically elicits a reflexive behavior  After enough trials, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the behavior

12. After repeated trials…

13. First thing you need is a unconditional relationship. This is passive learning (automatic…learner does NOT have to think). 4 key components:  UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)  UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)  CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)  CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

14.  A stimulus that elicits an automatic, reflexive response  This is unconditional (not learned/trained, occurs prior to the experiment)

15.  automatic reflexive (natural) response to being exposed to the UCS  a behavior that occurs in response to a specific stimulus

17. UCS UCR CS With repeated trials… CR

19.  CS - object we want to teach an association to ◦ initially neutral; does not cause a response (or at least not a relevant one)  CR - a behavior previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is now elicited by a neutral stimulus ◦ achieved by repeatedly pairing the non- neutral stimulus (UCS) with the neutral stimulus (CS) ◦ the behavior is very similar – what has changed is what it is a response to

20. 4 key components:  UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)  UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)  CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)  CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

25.  Continued pairing of UCS and CS ◦ Acquisition – Learning phase ◦ Strengthening of CR over time  Only the CS given ◦ Extinction: weakening of CR over time ◦ Spontaneous Recovery: reappearance of extinct CR after a delay in exposure to the CS ◦ Renewal Effect: sudden reemergence of CR after extinction when returned to original environment of learned behavior

26.  After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS.  Acquisition

28. GeneralizationDiscrimination  Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR.  Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR.

29. Dog that bit you Good to generalize fear to this dog Not so good to generalize fear to this dog

30. A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one.

31. Advertising: Beer ads paired with attractive women…. Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Attractive woman Feeling aroused Beer Feeling aroused

32. Dislike Extremely NeutralLike Extremely 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

33. Dislike Extremely NeutralLike Extremely 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

34. Disgust Reactions: Fudgey poo experiment Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Poo Disgust Fudge Disgust

35. Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is still there, present UCS. Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break, then present UCS. Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are presented at the same time. Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then CS is presented.

36. First Order Conditioning. Bell + meat = salivation. Bell = Salivation. Second Order Conditioning (After first order conditioning has occurred) Light + Bell = Salivation. Light = Salivation.

37. When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong. Even when food and sickness are hours apart. Food must be salient (noticeable.)

38.  Studied rats and how they make associations.  Some associations seem to be adaptive. CSUCSLearned Response Loud NoiseShockFear Loud NoiseRadiation (nausea)Nothing Sweet WaterShockNothing Sweet WaterRadiation (nausea)Avoid Water