1. The Coming of the Civil War 1848-1861

2.  Two Nations? 2

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4.  A. Union – the unified nation  B. Historians and the Civil War  1. Some historians who think Northerners and Southerners were fairly similar, believe war could have been avoided by better leadership 4

5.  A. Case Against Slavery  1. Northern – believed that slavery violated the basic principles of the United States government and the Christian religion  2. Prejudice – an unreasonable, unfavorable opinion of another group that is not based on fact 5

6.  B. Harriet Beecher Stowe  1. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852  2. book that attacked slavery  3. Impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin  a. Convinced Northerners that slavery would be the ruin of the United States 6

7.  C. Southern Views of Slavery  1. Plantation households were like large and happy families  2. Cannibals All! – was a book that attacked Northern capitalists 7

8.  A. By 1860, the largest cities in the United States were located in the North  B. Compared with the North, the South was more rural and agricultural 8

9.  C. Obsolete – outdated  D. The biggest technological change in this period was the appearance of the railroad 9

10.  E. The key difference between the North and the South was slavery 10

11.  New Political Parties 11

12.  A. Effects of the Missouri Compromise  1. Newly acquired land forced the political question of whether or not slavery would be allowed in the territories  2. The Missouri Compromise did not settle the issue of whether slavery would be legal in territories 12

13.  B. Compromise of 1850  1. 1849 Gold Rush people rushed into California  2. John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) Henry Clay (Kentucky) Daniel Webster (Massachusetts) 13

14.  B. Compromise of 1850  3. Compromise of 1850  a. Clay’s plan for compromise  1. California a Free State  2. New Mexico and Utah territories decided for themselves  3. Abolish the sale of enslaved person in Washington, D.C.  4. Slavery remained legal in Washington, D.C.  5. Fugitive Slave Act – law favoring slave owners; it ordered the return of escaped slaves to their owners 14

15.  B. Compromise of 1850  3. Compromise of 1850  b. Calhoun Opposes Compromise  1. John C. Calhoun viewed the North as a tyrannical power  2. States Rights – theory calling for a weaker federal government 15

16.  B. Compromise of 1850  3. Compromise of 1850  c. Webster Favors Compromise  d. Congress Approves the Compromise of 1850 16

17.  A. Decline of the Whigs 1. Whigs did not address the issue of slavery  B. Rise of the Know-Nothings 1. Nativism – movement attacking the rights of immigrants 2. “I know nothing” Order of the Star-Spangled Banner American Party 17

18.  A. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1. Popular Sovereignty – practice of letting people decide issues 2. Affect of Slavery in the new territories – it granted citizens of the territories the right to decide if slavery should be allowed 18

19.  B. Creation of the Republican Party 1. Main supporters were anti-slavery Northerners 19

20.  The System Fails 20

21.  A. The Kansas-Nebraska bill gave Kansas voters the right to choose or reject slavery. 21

22.  B. Violence Begins 1. Free-Soilers – person dedicated to preventing the expansion of slavery into the western territories 2. “Bleeding Kansas” – earned its name from clashes over slavery – caused by looting in Lawrence, KS and John Brown’s brutal reaction 22

23.  B. Violence Begins 3. “Bleeding Sumner”  a. Senator Charles Sumner (Republican Massachusetts) gave speech “The Crime Against Kansas”  b. Sumner’s speech made insults against Senator Andrew Butler (South Carolina)  c. Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks, used a cane to beat Charles Sumner 23

24.  A. The Election of 1856 1. Democrats – James Buchanan *** won 2. Republicans – John C. Fremont 3. Know-Nothings/American Party – Millard Fillmore 24

25.  B. The Dred Scott Decision 1. Scott v. Sandford – 1857 Supreme Court decision that declared slaves not to be citizens and ruled the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional 2. The decision in the case protected the rights of slave owners 25

26.  A. The Lecompton Constitution 1. The goal was to establish slavery in Kansas 2. The Free-Soiler majority prohibited it 26

27.  B. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1. Senator Stephen Douglas (Democrat Illinois) Democratic leader “the Little Giant” 2. Abraham Lincoln – tall and plain 27

28.  B. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 3. Douglas – believed that the majority of people of a state or territory could do anything they wished, including making slavery legal 4. Lincoln – did not believe that a majority should have the power to deny the minority of their rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness 28

29.  B. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 5. In the 1858 Illinois Senate race, Douglas defeated Lincoln 29

30.  C. John Brown’s Raid 1. arsenal – a place where weapons are made or stored 2. By attacking the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, John Brown hoped to start a slave uprising 30

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32.  A Nation Divided Against Itself 32

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34.  A. Election of 1860 1. Democratic Party split into Northern and Southern divisions  a. Southern Democrats argued that the party should support protection of slavery in the territories – John C. Breckinridge  b. Northern Democrats stood by the doctrine of popular sovereignty – Stephen Douglas 34

35.  A. Election of 1860 2. Moderate Southerners – Whig / American Party formed their own party – Constitutional Union Party  a. Border states – Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri  b. Constitutional Union Party – John Bell 35

36.  A. Election of 1860 3. Republicans – looked for a moderate view on slavery while standing firmly against its spread – Abraham Lincoln  a. Lincoln chosen over William Henry Seward because Seward seemed too extreme 36

37.  A. Election of 1860 4. Republican Lincoln won the election without a single electoral vote in the South  a. Lower South – Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina 37

38.  A. Secessionists – those who wanted the South to secede  B. Southern states began to secede following the election of 1860 because Lincoln won the presidency without any southern electoral votes 38

39.  C. Secessionists believed that they had a right to leave the Union, because they had joined it voluntarily  D. South Carolina left the Union on December 20, 1860 (plus six more TX, LA, MS, AL, FL, GA)  E. Confederate States of America – nation formed by secessionist southern states 39

40.  A. Fort Sumter – a federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, SC – site of the first clash of the Civil War  B. Upper South – Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas  C. States from the Upper South seceded when Lincoln called for volunteers 40