1. Biological LOA Quick Review

2. Finish from last class: Inductive Content Analysis  Group Activity  Read the article  Highlight main ideas  Come up with overarching themes you see coming out of the letters (comments). Write them on butcher paper.  Match comments to the themes.  Write an interpretation.  Individual interpretation

3. Outcome #1  Outline principles that define the biological level of analysis (for example, patterns of behaviour can be inherited; animal research may inform our understanding of human behaviour; cognitions, emotions and behaviours are products of the anatomy and physiology of our nervous and endocrine systems).  Nature vs. Nurture Debate  Quantitative research  Experimental Method  Animal research  Martinez & Kesner (1991): role of neurotransmitters in learning and memory with rats

4. Outcome #2  Explain how principles that define the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research (that is, theories and/or studies).  Raine (1997): criminals pleading not guilty under reason of insanity & biological defects  Berthold (1849): using animals (roosters) as a substitute for humans; animal castration

5. Outcome #3  Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the biological level of analysis (for example, experiments, observations, correlational studies).  Experiments  Case studies  Observational studies  Interviews  Surveys/questionnaires  Correlational studies

6. Outcome #4  Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis.  Protection of participants  Consent  Right to withdraw  Confidentiality  Deception  Debriefing  Study: Money – “David Reimer” (1974): male genitalia accident, boy raised as a female

7. Outcome #5  Explain one study related to localization of function in the brain  Broca & Phineas Gage  Aphasia: inability to produce speech (but could understand it)  Wernicke’s patients: could produce speech, but could not understand it

8. Outcome #6  Using one or more examples, explain effects of neurotransmission on human behaviour (for example, the effect of noradrenaline on depression).  Neurons: nerve cells, building blocks of behavior  Neurotransmission: messages sent through central nervous  Kasamatsu and Hirai (1999): buddhist monks, no water or food, blood samples before and after mountain ascension  Martinez & Kesner (1991): used rats to determine the role of acetycholine on memory formation

9. Outcome #7  Using one or more examples, explain functions of two hormones in human behaviour.  Rosenthal (1987) – SAD & melatonin  Adrenaline: adrenal glands; flight or fight  Cortisol: adrenal glands; arousal, stress, memory  Melatonin: pineal gland; regulation of sleep  Oxytocin: pituitary and hypothalamus; mother- child attachment  Testosterone and estrogen: gonads; development, emotion

10. Outcome #8  Discuss two effects of the environment on physiological processes (for example, effects of jet lag on bodily rhythms, effects of deprivation on neuroplasticity, effects of environmental stressors on reproductive mechanisms).  Brain Plasticity: brain’s ability to rearrange its connections with its neurons  Rosenzweig & Bennett (1972): rats with stimulating or depriving environment  Mirror Neurons: people learn by observing others and imitating their behavior  Iacoboni (2004): fMRI & human faces

11. Outcome #9  Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour (for example, agnosia, anosognosia, prosapagnosia, amnesia). Evaluate two relevant studies.  Amnesia  Milner & Scoville: HM Case Study  Sacks: Clive Wearing Case Study

12. Outcome #10  Discuss the use of brain imaging technologies (for example, CAT, PET, fMRI) in investigating the relationship between biological factors and behaviour.  PET, MRI, fMRI, EEG, CT  Milner & Scoville (1957) – HM & MRI  Tierney et al (2001) & PET scans to research bilingual language compensation following early childhood brain damage  Raine et al (1997)

13. Outcome #11  With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent does genetic inheritance influence behaviour?  Behavioral genetics  Genes, DNA  Twin studies  Monozygotic (MZT): identical, 100% of genetic material shared  Dizygotic (DZT): fraternal, share 50% of genes  Bouchard et al. (1990): Minnesota Twin Study & intelligence  Scarr & Weinberg (1976): parents who raised natural and adopted children & IQ

14. Outcome #12  Examine one evolutionary explanation of behaviour.  Evolution  Charles Darwin  Natural Selection  Fessler (2006:  Disgust & women’s hormones during pregnancy  Curtis et al. (2004): disgust with images, disgust strongest when it threatens the immune system

15. Outcome #13  Discuss ethical considerations in research into genetic influences on behaviour.  Genetic research  Ethical considerations  Money (1974)