1. Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1

2. Vocabulary 1. Behavior 2. Empirical 3. Functionalism 4. Introspection 5. Pragmatism 6. Psychoanalysis 7. Psychology

3. Why study psychology? Fascination with mental activity Fascination with mental activity Understand yours and other’s: Understand yours and other’s: PersonalityPersonality MotivesMotives ThoughtsThoughts FeelingsFeelings AttitudesAttitudes BehaviorBehavior

4. Psychological Science Study of the mind, brain, and behavior Study of the mind, brain, and behavior Mind – mental activityMind – mental activity Behavior – variety of observable actionsBehavior – variety of observable actions measurable internal and external activity a living thing does measurable internal and external activity a living thing does

5. Where does Psychology come from? Greek OriginGreek Origin Psyche-life, self Logos-reasoning, logic

6. Psychologists Doctorate degree (Ph.D) Doctorate degree (Ph.D) Called “doctor,” but they are a doctor of Philosophy Called “doctor,” but they are a doctor of Philosophy Clinical and counseling psychologists -Ph. D Clinical and counseling psychologists -Ph. D School and industrial-organizational psychologists master’s (MS). School and industrial-organizational psychologists master’s (MS).master’s

7. Bachelor’s degree B.A. – 4 years of undergraduate work B.A. – 4 years of undergraduate work B.A. assist psychologists and other professionalsassist psychologists and other professionals community mental health centers community mental health centers vocational rehabilitation offices vocational rehabilitation offices correctional programs correctional programs research assistants research assistants

8. Master’s Degree 2 – 3 years of full-time graduate study practical experience in an applied settingpractical experience in an applied setting thesis based on an original research projectthesis based on an original research project

9. Doctoral Degree Ph.D 5 - 7 years of graduate study. (after 4 years & a Bachelor’s degree) 5 - 7 years of graduate study. (after 4 years & a Bachelor’s degree) Dissertation based on original research (more difficult than a thesis)Dissertation based on original research (more difficult than a thesis) 1-year internship1-year internship

10. Is Psychology the Career for You? Aspiring psychologists Aspiring psychologists Aspiring psychologists Aspiring psychologists emotionally stableemotionally stable able to deal effectively with peopleable to deal effectively with people Sensitivity, compassion, good communication skillsSensitivity, compassion, good communication skills ability to lead and inspire others ability to lead and inspire others Research psychologistsResearch psychologistsResearch psychologistsResearch psychologists work independently and as part of a team work independently and as part of a team Patience and perseverance Patience and perseverance

11. Psychiatrist Hold a medical degree (M.D.) Hold a medical degree (M.D.) Goes to medical school after receiving their bachelor’s degreeGoes to medical school after receiving their bachelor’s degree Provide counseling Provide counseling Prescribe medications Prescribe medications

12. Why do people behave the way they do? Do violent video games encourage violent or aggressive behavior? Do violent video games encourage violent or aggressive behavior? Make a list of fast food restaurants Make a list of fast food restaurants What colors represent them? What colors represent them? What catch phrase or mascot do they have? What catch phrase or mascot do they have?

13. 5 Major Areas of Work 1. Research 1. Research 2. Promote physical health (therapy) 2. Promote physical health (therapy) 3. Help people learn (school) 3. Help people learn (school) 4. Community (homeless shelter) 4. Community (homeless shelter) 5. Work environment (big companies) 5. Work environment (big companies)

14. Main Types of Psychology 1. Research Psychology1. Research Psychology Researchers find out how and why people behave the way they do Researchers find out how and why people behave the way they do 2. Applied Psychology2. Applied Psychology Psychologists use the knowledge gained from research and help people function more efficiently or healthier Psychologists use the knowledge gained from research and help people function more efficiently or healthier

15. 7 Types of Psychology 1. Biological 1. Biological 2. Cognitive –think, learn 2. Cognitive –think, learn 3. Developmental 3. Developmental 4. Learning & memory 4. Learning & memory 5. Perception 5. Perception 6. Personality 6. Personality 7. Social - interactions 7. Social - interactions

16. How Can Studying Psychology Help You?? Understand and change what is happening in your social life Understand and change what is happening in your social life Understand how you are influenced by your peers or the media Understand how you are influenced by your peers or the media

17. Psychology in the Past Why Study the History of Psychology? Why Study the History of Psychology? Today’s approaches are based on ideas from pastToday’s approaches are based on ideas from past Knowing what worked and what didn’t saves timeKnowing what worked and what didn’t saves time Those concepts which did not work in the past may be reevaluated and solvedThose concepts which did not work in the past may be reevaluated and solved

18. How did Psychology begin? Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt “Father of Psychology”“Father of Psychology” Germany, 1879 Germany, 1879 Studied human thought Studied human thought

19. 4 Pioneers of Psychology 1. Wundt 1. Wundt Introspection - means looking inside oneself and describing what’s going on.Introspection - means looking inside oneself and describing what’s going on. proposed that humans use free will to focus their attention on certain situations proposed that humans use free will to focus their attention on certain situations Voluntarism - emphasized free will, choice, and purposeVoluntarism - emphasized free will, choice, and purpose Demonstrated that mind and behavior can be studied scientifically.

20. 4 Pioneers of Psychology 2. William James 2. William James Wanted to understand how the mind functioned to help people adapt to environmentWanted to understand how the mind functioned to help people adapt to environment FUNCTIONALISM-focused on how the mind functions or adaptsFUNCTIONALISM-focused on how the mind functions or adapts Individual differences not similaritiesIndividual differences not similarities

21. 4 Pioneers of Psychology 3. John B. Watson 3. John B. Watson Behaviorism- study of behavior rather than the mindBehaviorism- study of behavior rather than the mind Behavior - caused by some association previously created in the brain.Behavior - caused by some association previously created in the brain. Focused on how we learn and how experience produces associations in the brain Focused on how we learn and how experience produces associations in the brain

22. 4 Pioneers of Psychology 4. Sigmund Freud 4. Sigmund Freud Focused on the unconscious mindFocused on the unconscious mind Psychoanalysis-method of treating mental illness,which analyzes information contained in the unconscious mindPsychoanalysis-method of treating mental illness,which analyzes information contained in the unconscious mind Emphasized the importance of unconscious process and the role of early experiencesEmphasized the importance of unconscious process and the role of early experiences Childhood shapes your personality and later behaviorChildhood shapes your personality and later behavior Treatment - say whatever comes to your mind (free association)Treatment - say whatever comes to your mind (free association)

23. Seven Contemporary Approaches

24. 1. Neurobiological Studies interaction between: Studies interaction between: brainbrain nervous systemnervous system other body systemsother body systems For eg. Change in breathing rate For eg. Change in breathing rate

25. 1. Neurobiological How is the body chemistry changing and how does that affect behavior?How is the body chemistry changing and how does that affect behavior? Where in the body are changes occurring?Where in the body are changes occurring?

26. 2. Behavioral Studies the behaviors of people, the effects of the environment on those behaviors and learning Studies the behaviors of people, the effects of the environment on those behaviors and learning Watson and Skinner Watson and Skinner we associate behavior with either reward or punishment and that determines how we will use that behavior in the future. Eg. Positive reinforcement. we associate behavior with either reward or punishment and that determines how we will use that behavior in the future. Eg. Positive reinforcement.

27. 3. Psychodynamic Studies the inner forces, conflicts or instincts of the unconscious that may affect behavior Studies the inner forces, conflicts or instincts of the unconscious that may affect behavior Freud - emphasized the sexual and aggressive impulses that we experience in childhoodFreud - emphasized the sexual and aggressive impulses that we experience in childhood they shape our unconscious they shape our unconscious

28. 4. Cognitive Studies mental processes Studies mental processes perception, memory, language, problem solving, & thinkingperception, memory, language, problem solving, & thinking Concerned with: how thinking processes can be used to deal with problems or to develop healthy personality Concerned with: how thinking processes can be used to deal with problems or to develop healthy personality “positive affirmation”-telling yourself that you can do something “positive affirmation”-telling yourself that you can do something

29. 5. Evolutionary Studies how our mind adapts and develops around our environment Studies how our mind adapts and develops around our environment Combination of Combination of cognitive psychologycognitive psychology What kind of mind we have What kind of mind we have evolutionary biologyevolutionary biology Why we have the kind of mind we have Why we have the kind of mind we have

30. 6. Humanistic Studies personal growth and the achievement of human potential Studies personal growth and the achievement of human potential Humanists – Humanists – consciousnessconsciousness self-awarenessself-awareness free willfree will Allow us to shape our lives Allow us to shape our lives Personal experience is an important focus Personal experience is an important focus

31. 7. Sociocultural Concerned with how individual behavior is influenced by the social groups we belong to or the culture we live in Concerned with how individual behavior is influenced by the social groups we belong to or the culture we live in Sociocultural psychologists study: Sociocultural psychologists study: Families Families Ethnic groups Ethnic groups Religious groups Religious groups