1. Skills you need to study Geography!
Methods of Geographic Inquiry
Skills you need to study Geography!

2. Geography’s Basic Tools
Let us begin with:
What is a map?
What are the essential features of a map?
How do we read maps?

3. What is a Map?
Definition: When the features of a globe are transferred onto a flat surface.
The globe is in 3D and a flat surface is in 2D.
All maps are created by projecting the 3D globe onto a 2D surface.
Therefore all 2D maps have some “distortion”.

4. Map Projections
There are many types of map projections that try to deal with distortion. A 2D map can never eliminate ALL of the distortion. A cartographer selects a map projection depending on which properties of the earth are to be kept in the flat map:
1. DIRECTION
2. AREA
3. SHAPE
4. DISTANCE

5. Used for navigation charts
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates
Gives true direction
Used for navigation charts

6. Used to map small regions
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates
Tries to preserve area
Used to map small regions

7. Tries to preserve shape
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates
Tries to preserve shape
Distorts water to make the shape of the land accurate

8. Pacific-centred World Map

10. Sinusoidal Equal Area Projection
Tries to preserve distance
Serious distortion of shape
Good for Africa and South America

11. Goode’s Projection Distortion of each land area is minimized
Used to show world patterns

12. Only map that shows the true area of each continent
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates
Only map that shows the true area of each continent
Distort distances east to west 

13. Map Types
We need different types of maps to portray different information.
The four most common types are:
1. General Purpose Maps
2. Thematic Maps
3. Topographic Maps
4. Digital Maps

14. Alphanumeric Map: uses letters and numbers to locate places
General Purpose
Maps
Alphanumeric Map: uses letters and numbers to locate places

15. Thematic Maps

16. World Map by Population

17. Topographic Maps – Contour Lines

18. Digital Maps – from Google

19. How do we read maps?
We can use grid systems to locate places on a map.
The 3 grid systems used today are:
1. Latitude and Longitude
2. Military Grid
3. Alpha-numeric Grid

20. 1. Latitude and Longitude
Grid work of lines extending north-south and east-west.
Measured as angles
Latitude is measured north and south of the equator
Longitude is measured east and west from the prime meridian.

21. Latitude and Longitude

22. Latitude and Longitude
Picture latitude and longitude as an angle measured from the centre of the earth.

23. 2. Military Grid
A grid of blue lines on a map (eastings and northings) is used to identify squares in a grid pattern.
This grid system is used mainly on topographic maps.

24. Why was the military grid system introduced?
It was easier to place a grid system on a map then to use degrees, minutes and seconds from a globe.
With the increasing range in artillery in WWI, latitude and longitude was too cumbersome.

25. Reading a Military Grid
Easting: vertical line running from top to bottom on a topographic map
Northing: horizontal line running across the topographic map.
By combining the digits from the easting and from the northing, we are able to identify a point on the map.

26. 893 – Find the horizontal 89 line and then go up 3/10 of the space.
Example:
567 – Find the vertical 56 line and then go to the right 7/10 of the space.
893 – Find the horizontal 89 line and then go up 3/10 of the space. 90
567893 89 88 87 56 57 58 59 60

28. 3. Alphanumeric Grid
This system uses LETTERS and NUMBERS to identify squares in a grid pattern.
This grid system is used mainly on Road Maps.

29. Reading an Alphanumeric Grid
The LETTERS represent the horizontal lines.
The NUMBERS represent the lines running from the top to the bottom of the map.
The Alphanumeric Grid system is not as accurate as the Military grid system or Latitude and Longitude.

30. A B C D E F G H 1 2 3 4 5

31. Scale Three ways to show scale: Linear Scale
2. Ratio or Representative Fraction 1:
Statement
One cm on the map is equal to 100 Km in real life.
Note : You need to learn how to convert back and forth between the different scales.

32. A map with a scale of 1: shows the entire earth as if you are high up in space. Since things appear small on this map, this type of scale is called a ‘small-scale’.
As you approach the earth and get closer, you can see more things in detail (things get larger). This type of scale is called a ‘large scale’. An example would be 1:500.
Remember 1:1 is real life size!

33. Large Scale
Small Scale

34. Essential Features of a Map
Title
Legend
Scale
Direction: compass or lat./long.
Date of publication
Border

35. Essential Features of a Map
Title – must make sense and stand out
Legend – if required, describes units
Scale – usually Linear
Direction – North Arrow
Date
Border – Map and/or Frame border
Balance!! Very little white space

36. Other Geographic Tools:
G.P.S. – Chapter 3
G.I.S. – Chapter 5
Aerial Photos – Chapter 6
Remote Sensing – Satellite Imagery – Chapter 7
Graphs – Circle (Pie), Bar, Line – Chapter 8

37. G.P.S.

38. G.I.S.

39. Remote Sensing
Perth, Australia

40. Graphs
Bar
Graph
Line
Graph
Pie Graph

41. Aerial Photos

42. Google Streetscape

43. The End!