1. Data Science What’s it all about? Rodney Nielsen Associate Professor Director Human Intelligence and Language Technologies Lab Many of these slides were adapted from: I. H. Witten, E. Frank and M. A. Hall

2. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab What’s Data Science All About? Data collection & preprocessing Data engineering Learning useful information (generalizations, ~rules) Visualizing the data and the generalizations

3. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab What’s Data Science All About? Data versus information Data Science versus DBMSs, Data Mining, Machine Learning, and Statistics Structural descriptions ◆ Rules: classification and association ◆ Decision trees Datasets ◆ Weather, contact lens, CPU performance, labour negotiation data, soybean classification Fielded applications ◆ Ranking web pages, loan applications, screening images, load forecasting, machine fault diagnosis, market basket analysis Generalization as search Data Science and ethics

4. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Data Vs. Information Society produces huge amounts of data ◆ Sources: business, science, medicine, economics, geography, environment, sports, social media, … Potentially valuable resource Raw data is useless: need techniques to (automatically) extract information from it ◆ Data: recorded facts ◆ Information: patterns underlying the data

5. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Information is Crucial Example 1: in vitro fertilization ◆ Given: embryos described by 60 features ◆ Problem: selection of embryos that will survive ◆ Data: historical records of embryos and outcome Example 2: cow culling ◆ Given: cows described by 700 features ◆ Problem: selection of cows that should be culled ◆ Data: historical records and ranchers’ decisions

6. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Data Science Goal: Extracting ◆ implicit, ◆ previously unknown, ◆ potentially useful information from data Needed: programs that detect patterns and regularities in the data Strong patterns  good predictions ◆ Problem 1: most patterns are not interesting ◆ Problem 2: patterns may be inexact (or spurious) ◆ Problem 3: data may be garbled or missing

7. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Machine Learning Techniques Algorithms for acquiring structural descriptions from examples Structural descriptions represent patterns explicitly ◆ Can be used to predict outcome in new situation ◆ Can be used to understand and explain how prediction is derived ◆ Which is more important? Methods originate from artificial intelligence, statistics, and research on databases, among other disciplines

8. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Structural Descriptions Example: if-then rules If tear production rate = reduced then recommendation = none Otherwise, if age = young and astigmatic = no then recommendation = soft …………… HardNormalYesMyopePresbyopic NoneReducedNoHypermetropePre-presbyopic SoftNormalNoHypermetropeYoung NoneReducedNoMyopeYoung Recommended lenses Tear production rate AstigmatismSpectacle prescription Age

9. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Can Machines Really Learn? Definitions of “learning” from dictionary To get knowledge of by study, experience, or being taught To become aware by information or from observation To commit to memory To be informed of, ascertain; to receive instruction Difficult to measure Trivial for computers Things learn when they change their behavior in a way that makes them perform better in the future. ● Operational definition: Does a slipper learn?

10. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab The Weather Problem Conditions for playing a certain game …………… YesFalseNormalMildRainy YesFalseHighHotOvercast NoTrueHighHotSunny NoFalseHighHotSunny PlayWindyHumidityTemperatureOutlook If outlook = sunny and humidity = highthen play = no If outlook = rainy and windy = truethen play = no If outlook = overcastthen play = yes If humidity = normalthen play = yes If none of the abovethen play = yes

11. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Classification vs. Association Rules Classification rule: Predicts value of a given attribute (the classification of an example) Association rule: Predicts value of arbitrary attribute (or combination) If outlook = sunny and humidity = high then play = no If temperature = coolthen humidity = normal If humidity = normal and windy = false then play = yes If outlook = sunny and play = no then humidity = high If windy = false and play = no then outlook = sunny and humidity = high

12. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Weather Data with Mixed Attributes Some attributes have numeric values …………… YesFalse8075Rainy YesFalse8683Overcast NoTrue9080Sunny NoFalse85 Sunny PlayWindyHumidityTemperatureOutlook If outlook = sunny and humidity > 83then play = no If outlook = rainy and windy = truethen play = no If outlook = overcastthen play = yes If humidity < 85then play = yes If none of the abovethen play = yes

13. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Homework Download and familiarize yourself with Weka: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka/downloadi ng.html http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka/downloadi ng.html http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ml/weka/svn.html Read Chapters 1 and 2 of: Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, by Witten, Frank & Hall Available online through UNT library as a pdf http://libproxy.library.unt.edu:2079/science/book/97801 23748560 http://libproxy.library.unt.edu:2079/science/book/97801 23748560

14. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Admin Course website: www.cse.unt.edu/~nielsen/…

15. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab The Contact Lenses Data

16. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab A Complete and Correct Rule Set If tear production rate = reduced then recommendation = none If age = young and astigmatic = no and tear production rate = normal then recommendation = soft If age = pre-presbyopic and astigmatic = no and tear production rate = normal then recommendation = soft If age = presbyopic and spectacle prescription = myope and astigmatic = no then recommendation = none If spectacle prescription = hypermetrope and astigmatic = no and tear production rate = normal then recommendation = soft If spectacle prescription = myope and astigmatic = yes and tear production rate = normal then recommendation = hard If age young and astigmatic = yes and tear production rate = normal then recommendation = hard If age = pre-presbyopic and spectacle prescription = hypermetrope and astigmatic = yes then recommendation = none If age = presbyopic and spectacle prescription = hypermetrope and astigmatic = yes then recommendation = none

17. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab A Decision Tree for This Problem

18. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Classifying Iris Flowers … … … Iris virginica1.95.12.75.8102 101 52 51 2 1 Iris virginica2.56.03.36.3 Iris versicolor1.54.53.26.4 Iris versicolor1.44.73.27.0 Iris setosa0.21.43.04.9 Iris setosa0.21.43.55.1 TypePetal widthPetal lengthSepal widthSepal length If petal length < 2.45then Iris setosa If sepal width < 2.10then Iris versicolor...

19. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Predicting CPU Performance Example: 209 different computer configurations Linear regression function 0 0 32 128 CHMAX 0 0 8 16 CHMIN ChannelsPerformanceCache (Kb) Main memory (Kb) Cycle time (ns) 45040001000480209 67328000512480208 … 26932320008000292 19825660002561251 PRPCACHMMAXMMINMYCT PRP =-55.9 + 0.0489 MYCT + 0.0153 MMIN + 0.0056 MMAX + 0.6410 CACH - 0.2700 CHMIN + 1.480 CHMAX

20. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Data From Labor Negotiations

21. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Decision Trees for the Labor Data

22. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Soybean Classification Diaporthe stem canker19 Diagnosis Normal3Condition Root … Yes2Stem lodging Abnormal2Condition Stem … ?3Leaf spot size Abnormal2Condition Leaf ?5Fruit spots Normal4Condition of fruit pods Fruit … Absent2Mold growth Normal2Condition Seed … Above normal3Precipitation July7Time of occurrence Sample valueNumber of values Attribute

23. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab The Role of Domain Knowledge In this domain, “leaf condition is normal” implies “leaf malformation is absent”! If leaf condition is normal and stem condition is abnormal and stem cankers is below soil line and canker lesion color is brown then diagnosis is rhizoctonia root rot If leaf malformation is absent and stem condition is abnormal and stem cankers is below soil line and canker lesion color is brown then diagnosis is rhizoctonia root rot

24. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Fielded Applications The result of learning—or the learning method itself—is deployed in practical applications ◆ Processing loan applications ◆ Screening images for oil slicks ◆ Electricity supply forecasting ◆ Diagnosis of machine faults ◆ Marketing and sales ◆ Separating crude oil and natural gas ◆ Reducing banding in rotogravure printing ◆ Finding appropriate technicians for telephone faults ◆ Scientific applications: biology, astronomy, chemistry ◆ Automatic selection of TV programs ◆ Monitoring intensive care patients

25. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Processing Loan Applications (American Express) Given: questionnaire with financial and personal information Question: should money be lent? Simple statistical method covers 90% of cases Borderline cases referred to loan officers But: 50% of accepted borderline cases defaulted! Solution: reject all borderline cases? ◆ No! Borderline cases are most active customers

26. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enter Machine Learning 1000 training examples of borderline cases 20 attributes: ◆ age ◆ years with current employer ◆ years at current address ◆ years with the bank ◆ other credit cards possessed,… Learned rules: correct on 70% of cases ◆ human experts only 50% Rules could be used to explain decisions to customers

27. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Screening Images Given: radar satellite images of coastal waters Problem: detect oil slicks in those images Oil slicks appear as dark regions with changing size and shape Not easy: lookalike dark regions can be caused by weather conditions (e.g. high wind) Expensive process requiring highly trained personnel

28. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enter Machine Learning Extract dark regions from normalized image Attributes: ◆ size of region ◆ shape, area ◆ intensity ◆ sharpness and jaggedness of boundaries ◆ proximity of other regions ◆ info about background Constraints: ◆ Few training examples—oil slicks are rare! ◆ Unbalanced data: most dark regions aren’t slicks ◆ Regions from same image form a batch ◆ Requirement: adjustable false-alarm rate ◆ Precision-Recall tradeoff

29. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Load Forecasting Electricity supply companies need forecast of future demand for power Forecasts of min/max load for each hour  Significant savings Given: manually constructed load model that assumes “normal” climatic conditions Problem: adjust for weather conditions Static model consist of: ◆ Base load for the year ◆ Load periodicity over the year ◆ Effect of holidays

30. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enter Machine Learning Prediction corrected using “most similar” days Attributes: ◆ Temperature ◆ Humidity ◆ Wind speed ◆ Cloud cover readings ◆ Plus difference between actual load and predicted load Average difference among three “most similar” days added to static model Linear regression coefficients form attribute weights in similarity function

31. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Diagnosis of Machine Faults Diagnosis: classical domain of expert systems Given: Fourier analysis of vibrations measured at various points of a device’s mounting Question: which fault is present? Preventative maintenance of electromechanical motors and generators Information very noisy So far: diagnosis by expert/hand-crafted rules

32. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enter Machine Learning Available: 600 faults with expert’s diagnosis ~300 unsatisfactory, rest used for training Attributes augmented by intermediate concepts that embodied causal domain knowledge Expert not satisfied with initial rules because they did not relate to his domain knowledge Further background knowledge resulted in more complex rules that were satisfactory Learned rules outperformed hand-crafted ones

33. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Marketing and Sales I Companies precisely record massive amounts of marketing and sales data Applications: ◆ Customer loyalty: identifying customers that are likely to defect by detecting changes in their behavior (e.g. banks/phone companies) ◆ Special offers: identifying profitable customers (e.g. reliable owners of credit cards that need extra money during the holiday season)

34. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Marketing and Sales II Market basket analysis ◆ Association techniques find groups of items that tend to occur together in a transaction (used to analyze checkout data) Historical analysis of purchasing patterns Identifying prospective customers ◆ Focusing promotional mailouts (targeted campaigns are cheaper than mass-marketed ones)

35. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab UNT Where should UNT be using Data Science and why?

36. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab The World What ripe opportunities do you see for Data Science in the world?

37. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab DS vs. DBMS, DM, ML, Statistics What are the differences and relationships between: Data Science and Database Management Systems? Data Science and Data Mining? Data Science and Machine Learning? Data Science and Statistics?

38. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Machine Learning and Statistics Historical difference (grossly oversimplified): ◆ Statistics: testing hypotheses ◆ Machine learning: finding the right hypothesis But: huge overlap ◆ Decision trees (C4.5 and CART) ◆ Nearest-neighbor methods Today: perspectives have significant overlap ◆ Many ML algorithms employ statistical techniques Homework: http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/5026/what-is-the- difference-between-data-mining-statistics-machine-learning-and-ai

39. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Generalization as Search ? Learning = Generalization ? Interesting Learning => Nontrivial Generalization

40. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Generalization as Search Inductive learning: find a concept description that fits the data Example: rule sets as concept description language … continued

41. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Example Rules if outlook=sunny and temperature=hot and humidity=high and windy=false then play = no if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play sunnyhothighfalseno if outlook = sunny and humidity = high then play = no play = yes

42. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Weather Data Points (Examples) outlooktemperaturehumiditywindyplay sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno overcasthothighfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes rainycoolnormaltrueno overcastcoolnormaltrueyes sunnymildhighfalseno sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes sunnymildnormaltrueyes overcastmildhightrueyes overcasthotnormalfalseyes rainymildhightrueno

43. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Generalization as Search Inductive learning: find a concept description that fits the data Example: rule sets as concept description language ◆ Enormous, but finite, search space … continued

44. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerating the Concept Space Search space for weather problem ◆ Number of unique possible rules: ◆ 4 x 4 x 3 x 3 x 2 = 288 possible rules

45. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab All Possible Rules Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1sunnyhothighfalseno 2sunnyhothighfalseyes 3sunnyhothightrueno 4sunnyhothightrueyes 5-6sunnyhothigh *... 7-12sunnyhotnormal... 13-18sunnyhot *... 19-36sunnymild... 37-54sunnycool... 55-72sunny *... 73-144overcast... 145-216rainy... 217-288 *... * Match any value = omit feature from the rule

46. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Example Rules Rule # if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play... 59sunny * high * no... 288 **** yes 59: if outlook = sunny and humidity = highthen play = no 288: play = yes

47. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerating the Concept Space Search space for weather problem ◆ Number of unique possible rules: ◆ 4 x 4 x 3 x 3 x 2 = 288 possible rules ◆ Do we have 288 total possible concept hypotheses?

48. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab The Concept Space A Concept is (or can be defined by): A set of rules (in WFH) E.g., rules: {1, 59, 288} if outlook = sunny and humidity = high then play = no if outlook=sunny and temperature=hot and humidity=high and windy=false then play = no play = yes The Concept Space is (or can be defined by): All the possible sets of rules

49. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab The Concept Space A Concept is (or can be defined by): A set list of rules (in reality order matters) E.g., rules: {1, 59, 288} if outlook = sunny and humidity = high then play = no if outlook=sunny and temperature=hot and humidity=high and windy=false then play = no play = yes The Concept Space is (or can be defined by): All the possible sets lists of rules

50. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerating the Concept Space Search space for weather problem (ignoring order) ◆ Number of unique possible rules: ◆ 4 x 4 x 3 x 3 x 2 = 288 possible rules ◆ Number of unique possible rule sets?

51. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerate Concept Space {1} {2} … {288} {1, 2} {1, 3} … {287, 288} {1, 2, 3} … {1, 2, …, 288}

52. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerating the Concept Space Search space for weather problem (ignoring order) ◆ Number of unique possible rules: ◆ 4 x 4 x 3 x 3 x 2 = 288 possible rules ◆ Number of unique possible rule sets: ◆ Simplifying assumption: ◆ Each rule set contains at most 14 rules ◆ There are around 2.7x10 34 possible rule “sets” ◆ I.e., around 2.7x10 34 possible hypotheses in the search space

53. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Generalization as Search Inductive learning: find a concept description that fits the data Example: rule sets as concept description language ◆ Enormous, but finite, search space Simple solution: ◆ Enumerate the concept space (2.7x10 34 rule “sets”) ◆ Eliminate descriptions that do not fit examples ◆ Surviving descriptions contain target concept

54. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerate All Possible Rules Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1sunnyhothighfalseno 2sunnyhothighfalseyes 3sunnyhothightrueno 4sunnyhothightrueyes 5-6sunnyhothigh *... 7-12sunnyhotnormal... 13-18sunnyhot *... 19-36sunnymild... 37-54sunnycool... 55-72sunny *... 73-144overcast... 145-216rainy... 217-288 *...

55. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerate Concept Space {1} {2} … {288} {1, 2} {1, 3} … {287, 288} … {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15} … {275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288} ~2.7x10 34 rule “sets”

56. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Generalization as Search Inductive learning: find a concept description that fits the data Example: rule sets as concept description language ◆ Enormous, but finite, search space Simple solution: ◆ Enumerate the concept space (2.7x10 34 rule “sets”) ◆ Eliminate concept descriptions that do not fit examples ◆ Surviving descriptions contain target concept

57. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Eliminate Rules Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1sunnyhothighfalseno 2sunnyhothighfalseyes 3sunnyhothightrueno 4sunnyhothightrueyes 5-6sunnyhothigh *... 7-12sunnyhotnormal... 13-18sunnyhot *... 19-36sunnymild... 37-54sunnycool... 55-72sunny *... 73-144overcast... 145-216rainy... 217-288 *...

58. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Eliminate Concepts {1} {2} … {288} {1, 2} {1, 3} … {287, 288} … there are some valid sets in here {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15} … and in here {275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288} ~2.7x10 34 total rule “sets”

59. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Generalization as Search Inductive learning: find a concept description that fits the data Example: rule sets as concept description language ◆ Enormous, but finite, search space Simple solution: ◆ Enumerate the concept space (2.7x10 34 rule “sets”) ◆ Eliminate descriptions that do not fit examples ◆ Surviving descriptions contain target concept ◆ This would rarely be practical

60. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Enumerating the Concept Space Other practical problems: ◆ More than one description may survive ◆ No description may survive Language is unable to describe target concept or data contains noise Another view of generalization as search: hill-climbing in description space according to pre- specified matching criterion ◆ Most practical algorithms use heuristic search that cannot guarantee an optimum solution

61. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Bias Important decisions in learning systems: ◆ Concept description language ◆ Order in which the space is searched ◆ Way that overfitting to the particular training data is avoided These form the “bias” of the learner: ◆ Language bias ◆ Search bias ◆ Overfitting-avoidance bias

62. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Bias What is meant by bias in machine learning?

63. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Language Bias Important question: ◆ Is the concept description language universal or does it restrict what can be learned? A universal language can express arbitrary subsets of examples If language includes logical or (“disjunction”), it is universal Example: rule sets Domain knowledge can be used to exclude some concept descriptions a priori from the search

64. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Overfitting-Avoidance Bias Can be seen as a form of search bias Modified evaluation criterion ◆ E.g. balancing simplicity and number of errors Modified search strategy ◆ E.g. pruning (simplifying a description) Pre-pruning: stops at a simple description before search proceeds to an overly complex one Post-pruning: generates a complex description first and simplifies it afterwards

65. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Search Bias Search heuristic ◆ “Greedy” search: perform the best next step ◆ “Beam search”: keep N alternative partial solutions ◆ … Direction of search ◆ General-to-specific E.g. specializing a rule by adding conditions ◆ Specific-to-general E.g. generalizing an individual instance into a rule

66. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Direction of Search What is the difference between the two directions of search, which is better, and why?

67. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab The Examples outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy play sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno overcasthothighfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes rainycoolnormaltrueno overcastcoolnormaltrueyes sunnymildhighfalseno sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes sunnymildnormaltrueyes overcastmildhightrueyes overcasthotnormalfalseyes rainymildhightrueno

68. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Examples  Rules Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1sunnyhothighfalseno 2sunnyhothightrueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 6rainycoolnormaltrueno 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 8sunnymildhighfalseno 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes 14rainymildhightrueno

69. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1sunnyhothighfalseno 2sunnyhothightrueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 6rainycoolnormaltrueno 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 8sunnymildhighfalseno 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes 14rainymildhightrueno

70. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1’sunnyhothigh * no 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 6rainycoolnormaltrueno 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 8sunnymildhighfalseno 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes 14rainymildhightrueno

71. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1’sunnyhothigh * no 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 6rainycoolnormaltrueno 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 8sunnymildhighfalseno 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes 14rainymildhightrueno

72. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1’sunnyhothigh * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 6rainycoolnormaltrueno 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 8sunnymildhighfalseno 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes 14rainymildhightrueno

73. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1’sunnyhothigh * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 8sunnymildhighfalseno 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes

74. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 8sunnymildhighfalseno 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes

75. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes

76. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes

77. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes

78. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes

79. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes

80. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno 3overcasthothighfalseyes 4rainymildhighfalseyes 5rainycoolnormalfalseyes 7overcastcoolnormaltrueyes 9sunnycoolnormalfalseyes 10rainymildnormalfalseyes 11sunnymildnormaltrueyes 12overcastmildhightrueyes 13overcasthotnormalfalseyes Otherwise**** yes

81. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Specific  General Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1”sunny * high * no 2’ rainy ** trueno Otherwise**** yes 1: if outlook = sunny and humidity = high then play = no 2: if outlook = rainy and windy = true then play = no 3: Otherwise, play = yes

82. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Search Bias Search heuristic ◆ “Greedy” search: performing the best single step ◆ “Beam search”: keeping several alternatives ◆ … Direction of search ◆ General-to-specific E.g. specializing a rule by adding conditions ◆ Specific-to-general E.g. generalizing an individual instance into a rule

83. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Search Bias Search heuristic ◆ “Greedy” search: performing the best single step ◆ “Beam search”: keeping several alternatives ◆ … Direction of search ◆ General-to-specific E.g. specializing a rule by adding conditions ◆ Specific-to-general E.g. generalizing an individual instance into a rule

84. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1****yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes overcasthotnormalfalseyes overcasthothighfalseyes overcastmildhightrueyes overcastcoolnormaltrueyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

85. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1sunny***yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes overcasthotnormalfalseyes overcasthothighfalseyes overcastmildhightrueyes overcastcoolnormaltrueyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

86. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play 1rainy***yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes overcasthotnormalfalseyes overcasthothighfalseyes overcastmildhightrueyes overcastcoolnormaltrueyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

87. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes overcasthotnormalfalseyes overcasthothighfalseyes overcastmildhightrueyes overcastcoolnormaltrueyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

88. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

89. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2*hot**yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

90. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2*mild**yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

91. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2*cool**yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

92. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2**high*yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

93. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2**normal*yes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

94. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2***falseyes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

95. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2***trueyes sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

96. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2rainy**falseyes3 sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes rainymildnormalfalseyes rainymildhighfalseyes rainycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

97. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2rainy**falseyes3 3sunny*normal*yes2 sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno sunnymildnormaltrueyes sunnycoolnormalfalseyes Examples

98. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2rainy**falseyes3 3sunny*normal*yes2 Otherwise ****no5 sunnyhothighfalseno sunnyhothightrueno sunnymildhighfalseno rainymildhightrueno rainycoolnormaltrueno Examples

99. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Rule #s if outlooktemperaturehumiditywindy then play # Exs 1overcast***yes4 2rainy**falseyes3 3sunny*normal*yes2 Otherwise ****no5 1: if outlook = overcast then play = yes 2: if outlook = rainy and windy = false then play = yes 3: if outlook = sunny and humidity = normal then play = yes 4: Otherwise, play = no

100. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Bias Important decisions in learning systems: ◆ Concept description language ◆ Order in which the space is searched ◆ Way that overfitting to the particular training data is avoided These form the “bias” of the search: ◆ Language bias ◆ Search bias ◆ Overfitting-avoidance bias

101. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab General  Specific Specific  General; “no”s first 1: if outlook = sunny and humidity = high then play = no 2: if outlook = rainy and windy = true then play = no 3: Otherwise, play = yes General  Specific; “yes”s first 1: if outlook = overcast then play = yes 2: if outlook = rainy and windy = false then play = yes 3: if outlook = sunny and humidity = normal then play = yes 4: Otherwise, play = no In this case, the two concept descriptions (though distinct in the rules they generate) are equivalent or have a one-to-one mapping in space, but that is not always true

102. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Bias Important decisions in learning systems: ◆ Concept description language ◆ Order in which the space is searched ◆ Way that overfitting to the particular training data is avoided These form the “bias” of the search: ◆ Language bias ◆ Search bias ◆ Overfitting-avoidance bias

103. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Data Science and Ethics I Ethical issues arise in practical applications Anonymizing data is difficult ◆ 85% of Americans can be identified from just zip code, birth date and sex Data Science and discrimination ◆ E.g. loan applications: using some information (e.g. sex, religion, race) is unethical Ethical situation depends on application ◆ E.g. same information ok in medical application Attributes may contain problematic information ◆ E.g. zip code may correlate with race

104. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Data Science and Ethics II Important questions: ◆ Who is permitted access to the data? ◆ For what purpose was the data collected? ◆ What kind of conclusions can be legitimately drawn from it? Caveats must be attached to results Purely statistical arguments are not sufficient! Are resources put to good use?

105. Rodney Nielsen, Human Intelligence& Language Technologies Lab Questions