1. 1 Quadrupolar

2. 2 I Atomic Mass Atomic NumberExample (I) Half-integerOddOdd or even 1 H(1/2), 17 O(5/2), 15 N(1/2) IntegerEvenOdd 2 H(1), 14 N(1), 10 B(3) ZeroEven 12 C(0), 16 O(0), 34 S(0) Robert M. Silverstein, Francis X. Webster ； ” Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds”, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science & Forestry.

3. 3 Nuclei with a spin number I of 1 or higher have a nonspherical charge distribution. This asymmetry is described by an electrical quadrupole moment which, as we shall see later, affects the relaxation time and, consequently, the linewidth of the signal and the coupling with neighboring nuclei. Robert M. Silverstein, Francis X. Webster ； ” Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds”, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science & Forestry. 蔡銘峰, 利用原始計算之電場梯度及遮蔽常數以研究鍵結理論及訊息, 國立成功大學 碩士論文

4. 4 Sharon Ashbrook, ” Introduction to Quadrupolar NMR”, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews.

5. 5