1. Oct 11, 2010 T – T – Complete graphic organizer about families on Periodic Table A – A – Adopt-An-Element Project due Monday, 10/25 L – L – Worksheet due Monday, 10/11 E – E – Official science tutorials days: Tuesday/Thursday (but I’m here after school M-Th)

2. 1 st : Write down your TALE 2 nd : Atoms & Elements WS in center of table BELLRINGER – Oct 11, 2010 3 rd : BELLRINGER – Oct 11, 2010 1 st : Write down your TALE 2 nd : Atoms & Elements WS in center of table BELLRINGER – Oct 11, 2010 3 rd : BELLRINGER – Oct 11, 2010 1.True or False: A family on the Periodic Table represents a row, while a period on the Periodic Table represents a column. 2. True or False: Sulfur is an example of a metalloid. 3. True or False: 6 x 10 23 electrons are in 1 gram.

3. Families vs. Periods Families = Columns of elements Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties Ex: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family 1A are all soft, white, shiny metals All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons. Period = horizontal row of elements Elements in a period are NOT alike in properties In fact, the properties change greatly across a given row Need to know: The 1 st element in a period is always an extremely active solid. The last element in a period is always an inactive gas Period 4

6. Use this information to fill in your chart!

7. Hydrogen Location: sits on top Family A1, but it is NOT a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own. State @ Rm Temp: Gas Description: odorless, colorless 1 valence electron in its one and only shell Wants 2 electrons to be “happy” - fill up its valence shell

8. Alkali Metals Location: Found in 1 st column of P.T. State @ Rm Temp: solid Have only 1 valence e - in outermost shell Characteristics: – Are shiny – Have the consistency of clay – Easily cut with a knife Ex: lithium, sodium, potassium Sodium

9. Alkali Metals Extra Info… The most reactive metals React violently with water Never found as free elements in nature Are always bonded with another element Sodium and water reacting Period 5, 8

10. What does it mean to be reactive? Reactive elements bond easily with other elements to make compounds – Some elements are not naturally found by themselves (some are only found bonded with other elements) What makes an element reactive? – An incomplete valence e - level The Rule of Octet: All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 e - in their very outermost shell – Atoms bond until outermost shell is complete Atoms with only a few valence e - lose them during bonding Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence e - gain e - during bonding

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14. When fluorine & lithium bond, which atom will LOSE an electron? F or Li?

15. Alkaline Earth Metals State @ Rm Temp: solid 2 valence e - Description: silver colored, soft Ex: magnesium & calcium (and others) Extra info: Never found uncombined in nature Period 1

16. Transition Metals Location – elements in the middle Description: usually brightly colored, very hard, malleable 1 or 2 valence e - (which they lose when they form bonds with other atoms) Ex: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, & silver.

17. Extra info… Transition metals are usually brightly colored Very hard, malleable Often used to color paints Transition Metals Period 4?

18. Boron Family 3 valence e - State @ Rm Temp: solid Description: metallic looking, soft Examples… – Aluminum – the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust – a metalloid (boron) & the rest are metals Extra info… – do not occur alone in nature (always bonded to another element) – slightly reactive

19. Carbon Family 4 valence e - State @ Rm Temp: solid Description: vary greatly Ex: carbon (a non-metal), silicon (metalloids), tin & lead (metals) Extra info… – Carbon is called the “basis of life” – Can occur in nature in its elemental form – relatively unreactive

20. Fun Facts about “Carbon” Fun fact 1: There is an entire branch of chemistry devoted to carbon compounds called organic chemistry. Fun Fact 2: In science, when something is called organic, that means it contains carbon.

21. Nitrogen Family Description: Vary greatly – Includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals 5 valence e - State @ Rm Temp: Solid (except nitrogen = gas) Ex: phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth Extra info… – Tend to share e - when they bond – Nitrogen makes up 78% of our atmosphere

22. Oxygen Family 6 valence e - State @ Rm Temp: Gas (oxygen), Solid (sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium) Description: Vary greatly Ex: sulfur, selenium, oxygen Extra info… – Tend to share electrons when they bond – Oxygen = most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is extremely active and combines with almost all elements.

23. Halogen Family 7 valence e - State @ Rm Temp: gas (F 2 & Cl 2 ), liquid (Br 2 ), solid (I 2 & At) Description: Vary greatly Ex: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. Extra info… – Very reactive (because they need just 1 more valence e - to be “happy” – fluorine being the most reactive of all nonmetals

24. Noble Gases 8 valence e - (Their outermost shell is full) – This makes them extremely unreactive – because they are happy! – Inert: having little or no reactivity State @ Rm Temp: gas Descr: Conduct electricity, fluoresce, odorless, colorless Ex: helium, neon, argon Extra info… – All noble gases are found in small amounts in earth's atmosphere. – The least reactive of all

25. Rare Earth Elements You don’t need to know this, but if you are interested…. There are thirty rare earth elements Lanthanide series (top row) Actinide series (bottom row) Most are trans-uranium = synthetic or man-made Examples: Uranium and plutonium Plutonium Uranium