1. Team Leader : Dr. Sean Hendrick Team Assistant : Jackie Haynicz Teamsters : Swati Antala Salina Bakshi Jeff Barry Kevin Chen Benjamin Hsu Arpan Patel Payal Patel Jena Song Janelle Trinidad Brian Wexler

2. Evolution of the Universe Through the observations of: Planetary Nebulae Globular Clusters Galaxies

3. Ritchey-Chretien Telescope used a charged coupled device (CCD) camera – Santa Barbara Instrument Group ST-1001E used red, green, blue, and regular light filters

4. Planetary Nebula Formation After a star has reached its red giant phase…

5. Nebulium? Nebulium? “nebulium” – named by Sir William Huggins Forbidden line of doubly-ionized oxygen - (OIII) correctly identified by American astrophysicist Ira S. Bowen

6. Dumbbell Nebula

7. Ring Nebula

8. What is a Globular Cluster? Large gravitationally bound groups of stars Large gravitationally bound groups of stars 10 thousand to 1 million stars 10 thousand to 1 million stars In halo around core In halo around core Very old Very old

9. Why look at Globular Clusters? Stellar and galactic evolution Stellar and galactic evolution Usually as old as the galaxies in which they are found Usually as old as the galaxies in which they are found Studying Milky Way Galaxy globular clusters can yield information about Studying Milky Way Galaxy globular clusters can yield information about our own galaxy

10. M13 Cluster Green and Blue Filtered Images of M13, the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules

11. M56 Cluster Green and Blue Filtered Images of the M56 Cluster located in Lyra

12. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Two main types of stars Main sequence Red giants Turn-off point dependent on age

13. Our H-R Diagram M13M56

14. Globular Cluster Results Our Observations, although valid in analysis, did not match in turn off points with the Main Sequence Diagram. There are a number of possible error sources which include: Difference in peak wavelength values The crowded center of M13 The resolving power of Drew’s Telescope

15. Galaxies –first person to realize these celestial bodies are galaxies Edwin Hubble –first person to realize these celestial bodies are galaxies Mid eighteenth century- 3 galaxies detected Mid eighteenth century- 3 galaxies detected 1780- recorded 32 galaxies 1780- Charles Messier recorded 32 galaxies discovered thousands more galaxies Sir William Herschel, Caroline Herschel, Sir John Herschel discovered thousands more galaxies M81 Normal Spiral Galaxy M87 Elliptical Galaxy M95 Barred Spiral Galaxy

16. Galactic Classification – massive group of interstellar matter and stars Galaxy – massive group of interstellar matter and stars central bulge, spiral arms Normal spiral galaxy- central bulge, spiral arms bar of stars, spiral arms from end of bar Barred spiral galaxy- bar of stars, spiral arms from end of bar elliptical shape, older stars Elliptical galaxy- elliptical shape, older stars Irregular galaxy

17. Galactic Evolution large ball of gas fragmented into galaxies Central Quiescent Theory- large ball of gas fragmented into galaxies universe built from small structures, some of which merged to form galaxies Collisional Starburst Scenario- universe built from small structures, some of which merged to form galaxies

18. Hubble Tuning Fork

19. Galaxy Targets - M101 Pinwheel, M51 Whirlpool, M81, M64 Normal Spiral - M101 Pinwheel, M51 Whirlpool, M81, M64 - M86 Elliptical - M86 Other – Stephan’s Quintet, contains three different types of galaxies Other – Stephan’s Quintet, contains three different types of galaxies

20. Target Pictures Pinwheel Whirlpool

21. Our Hubble Tuning Fork Black EyePinwheel Whirlpool

22. Stephan’s Quintet

23. The Evolving Universe…