1. International Atomic Energy Agency IX.4.2. Principles of radioactive waste management Basic technical management solutions: concentrate and contain, storage for decay and clearance from control

2. International Atomic Energy Agency Scope Three general facets of RWM internationally endorsed principles for managing radioactive waste general concepts on waste management typical waste management steps Bases for these principles IAEA ICRP

3. International Atomic Energy Agency Sources and types of radioactive waste High-level waste Intermediate-level waste Low-level waste Very low-level wastes Including; Naturally occurring radioactive material Other categories e.g. disused sources

4. International Atomic Energy Agency Fundamental principles of radioactive waste management 1.Protection of human health 2.Protection of the environment 3.Protection beyond national borders 4.Protection of future generations 5.Avoid burdens on future generations 6.National legal framework 7.Control of radioactive waste generation 8.Radioactive waste generation and management interdependencies 9.Safety of facilities

5. International Atomic Energy Agency Protection of human health ICRP 77 Meet dose limit (1 mSv) at all times Constraints should be around 0.3 mSv annual dose or 10 -5 annual risk. ICRP 81 Measures of health detriment should not be used for future Inadvertent intrusion treated according to intervention criteria. Radioactive waste shall be managed in such a way as to secure an acceptable level of protection for human health.

6. International Atomic Energy Agency Protection of the environment Containment – prevent contamination Protection from radionuclides Presumption: humans are more sensitive to low- levels of ionizing radiation than are other species Recently questioned, currently being evaluated Protection from toxic materials Presumption is not that humans are the most sensitive species National limits for toxic materials are typically protective of both humans and the environment Standards for toxic contaminants are typically not intended to apply to the time periods considered in radioactive waste disposal Care must be taken in their application Radioactive waste shall be managed in such a way as to secure an acceptable level of protection of the environment.

7. International Atomic Energy Agency Protection beyond national borders A country should not allow impacts in other countries more detrimental than those judged acceptable in its own country The country of origin needs to coordinate with other affected countries International practices of radiation protection and waste safety used to harmonize across national boundaries Radioactive waste shall be managed in such a way as to ensure that possible effects on human health and the environment beyond national borders will be taken into account.

8. International Atomic Energy Agency Protection of future generations An ethical concern for the health of future generations Introduces novel technical problems to safety assessments Dose calculations must be regarded as illustrative rather than rigorous Reliance on the stability of geological systems to isolate waste Radioactive waste shall be managed in such a way that predicted impacts on the health of future generations will not be greater than relevant levels of impact that are acceptable today.

9. International Atomic Energy Agency Burdens on future generations The current generation enjoys the benefits of activities that generate the waste Power generation Medical applications Industrial applications Ethically, the current generation should bear the costs Develop disposal options Provide funds for closure activities Provide funds for post-closure monitoring Provide funds in the event future interventions are necessary Radioactive waste shall be managed in such a way that will not impose undue burdens on future generations.

10. International Atomic Energy Agency National legal framework Establishment of an independent regulatory function Practice shows this to be necessary Independence must be to high ministerial level Establishment of independent technical expertise Operator organization must have appropriate expertise for operations Regulatory authority must have comparably high expertise to function adequately Enforcement is a key function that must be assured Radioactive waste shall be managed within an appropriate national legal framework including clear allocation of responsibilities and provision for independent regulatory functions.

11. International Atomic Energy Agency Control of radioactive waste generation Both volume and activity should be minimized to the extent practicable Design Operational Decommissioning Waste dilution Waste mixing should not be used to move waste among classifications Violates principle of waste minimisation Generation of radioactive waste shall be kept to the minimum practicable.

12. International Atomic Energy Agency Radioactive waste generation and management inter-dependencies Implications on all stages of waste management must be considered Do not preclude later options by premature selection of technology Compromises among safety at differing stages are possible, but should be avoided Inter-dependencies among all steps in radioactive waste generation and management shall be appropriately taken into account.

13. International Atomic Energy Agency Safety of facilities Assessment – safety case Consider safety more broadly than radiation dose assessment Accidents should be considered Operation Transport Both radiological and non-radiological Necessity to establish safety culture Proper procedures Proper attitudes The safety of facilities for radioactive waste management shall be appropriately assured during their lifetime.