1. Circulation

2. Invertebrates: Gastrovascular cavity or circulatory system

3. Circulation

4. Gastrovascular Cavity

5. Circulation Open Circulatory System

6. Circulation Open Circulatory System

7. Circulation Closed Circulatory System

8. Circulation gills body tissues

9. Circulation lungs body tissues

10. Circulation

11. Why?

12. Circulation Why is each one an improvement?

13. head and arms lungs digestive tract & liver kidneys trunk & legs

14. Circulation

15. Some vocabulary: atrium ventricle aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary artery septum semilunar valves SA node AV node systole diastole stroke volume heart murmur lymph

16. What’s in blood? Plasma: Mostly water Ions (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, CO 3 ) Proteins Food & waste Gasses Hormones Cellular elements: Red blood cells (transport) White blood cells (immune) Platelets (clotting).

17. Clotting:

18. fibrinogen Clotting:

19. prothrombin Clotting:

20. platelets

21. Clotting: torn edge

22. Clotting: 1.Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in damaged tissue.

23. Clotting: 2.Platelets form a temporary plug.

24. Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor

25. Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor 4.Clotting factor turns prothrombin into thrombin

26. Clotting: 3.Platelets release clotting factor 4.Clotting factor turns prothrombin into thrombin 5.Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin

27. Clotting: 6.Fibrin reinforces the clot

28. Clotting: 6.Fibrin reinforces the clot Why?

29. Clotting: 6.Fibrin reinforces the clot Why have so many steps in the clotting process?

30. Clotting: 1.Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in damaged tissue 2.Platelets form a plug 3.Platelets release clotting factors 4.Clotting factors turn prothrombin into thrombin 5.Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin 6.Fibrin reinforces clot.

31. Diseases of the Circulatory System: atherosclerosis (narrowing) arteriosclerosis (hardening) hypertension (high blood pressure) HDL & LDL (good & bad cholesterol) heart attack stroke hemophilia.

32. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood.

33. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood. Seawater Fish Blood

34. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood. 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

35. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient from water or air into blood 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

36. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Water flows over the gills Blood flows through the gills 100 % saturation 10 % saturation

37. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 10%

38. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 10% 30%

39. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 60% 10% 30% 50%

40. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 60% 55% 10% 30% 50% 55%

41. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 100% 80% 60% 55% 55% 10% 30% 50% 55% 55%

42. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange Gas exchange stops when the saturation levels equalize. 55%

43. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water…

44. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water… 100% 10%

45. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water… 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 10%

46. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange But when blood flows the opposite way from water… 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 90% 70% 50% 30% 10%

47. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange The concentration gradient is maintained along the entire length. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 90% 70% 50% 30% 10%

48. A Few Facts About Respiration: Countercurrent Exchange The concentration gradient is maintained along the entire length. 90%

49. A Few Facts About Respiration: Ventilation of the Lungs Mammals use negative pressure Amphibians use positive pressure Birds breathe through hollow bones as well as through lungs.

50. A Few Facts About Respiration: Hemoglobin Efficient carrier of oxygen Ours contains iron; mollusks’ contains copper The Bohr shift.

52. Why?

53. Why lower the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen when pH goes down?.