1. 4.6 Multicast at the Network Layer 4.6.1 Introduction: The Internet multicast abstraction and multicast groups 4.6.2 The IGMP Protocol 4.6.3 Multicast Routing: the general case 4.6.4 Multicast Routing in the Internet

2. Multicast: one sender to many receivers –analogy: one teacher to many students Question: how to achieve multicast

3. Internet Multicast Service Model multicast group concept: –hosts send IP datagram pkts to multicast group –hosts that have “joined” that multicast group will receive pkts sent to that group

4. Multicast groups host group semantics: –anyone can “join” (receive) multicast group –anyone can send to multicast gorup –no network layer identification to hosts of members session/application-level mechanisms needed for membership identification, privacy needed: infrastructure to deliver mcast- addressed packets to all hosts that have joined that multicast group

5. Internet Multicast Addressing indirection: mcast address does not name a destination, but host group to receive packet class D Internet addresses reserved for multicast: packet addr: 226.17.30.197

6. Joining a mcast group: a two-step process local: host informs local mcast router of desire to join group: IGMP wide area: local router interacts with other routers to receive mcast packet flow –many protocols (e.g., DVMRP, MOSPF, PIM)

7. IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol host: sends IGMP report when application joins mcast group –IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP socket option –host need not explicitly “unjoin” group when leaving router: sends IGMP query at regular intervals –host belonging to a mcast group must reply to query

8. IGMP IGMP version 1 router: Host Membership Query msg broadcast on LAN to all hosts host: Host Membership Report msg to indicate group membership –randomized delay before responding –implicit leave via no reply to Query RFC 1112 IGMP v2: additions include group-specific Query Leave Group msg –last host replying to Query can send explicit Leave Group msg –router performs group- specific query to see if any hosts left in group –RFC 2236 IGMP v3: under development as Internet draft