1. Deep Ocean

2.  <1% of deep sea has been explored  Most exploration in the past 35 years Deep Ocean depth 700 m

3. Deep Ocean It’s weird down here: http://www.mbari.org/news/homepage/2007/deepchange-scotoplanes-350.jpg http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2009/02/awesome-octopi-cephalopods-from-outer.html http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/img/environment/bigisopod.jpg http://www.naturalsciences.org/education/deepsea/images/ http://img.geo.de/div/image/59517/langnasenchimaere-popup.jpg

4. Deep Ocean Then it gets even weirder when things seep out of the ocean floor... http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/endeavour/photo_e.htm

5. Hydrothermal Vents

6.  Extreme conditions near vents:  High temperature  High chemical concentrations  High acidity  Bacteria, archaea live closest to vents (up to 121°C!) Hydrothermal Vents

7.  Chemosynthesis – energy from chemicals, not the sun  Chemosynthetic bacteria, archaea:  Outside on rocks  Inside some animals (tube worms, mussels, clams) Hydrothermal Vents http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E84896E2-2F7E-4D2A-9D46-366B50558303/87497/p5365dop.jpghttp://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/photos/grazers.jpg

8. http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20061007/a7741_2279.jpg Hydrothermal Vents  An oasis of warmth and food http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/endeavour/photo_e.htm

9.  Hydrogen sulfide  Methane, oil, mud volcanos  Brine Cold Seeps http://aphriza.files.wordpress.com/2006/07/methane_seep.jpg

10. NOAA Oil droplets on orange methane hydrate Cold Seeps http://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/methaneventHR.jpg Methane bubbles Methane gas plume from mud volcano NOAA

11.  Methane seep communities  Chemosynthetic bacteria, archaea  Outside on rocks  Inside some animals (worms, clams) http://people.whitman.edu/%7Eyancey/whitemat.jpghttp://webmineral.com/specimens/Methanehydrate.jpg Frozen methane hydrate with polychaete “ice worms” Cold Seeps

12.  Methane seep communities http://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/snailtowers.jpg Cold Seeps http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030102

13.  Brine pools:  Gulf of Mexico was shallow sea that dried up in Jurassic period  Thick layer of salts covered with sediment when seawater returned  Salt seeps up through cracks in sediment NOAA Cold Seeps

14.  Brine pools:  Underwater lakes of super salty water  Methane gases also seep out NOAA depth 700 m Cold Seeps

15. NOAA  Chemosynthetic bacteria in mussels  An oasis of food