1. REG WALTERS Board Member & Managing Director SQC Pty Ltd Board Member & Managing Director SQC Pty Ltd SQC

2. 2 The Fuel Crisis And Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels SQC

3. The Status of Oil Supply And Demand Worldwide Total world oil reserves known – except Antarctica World consumption (Fuel and Feedstock) – 10 million Tonnes/Day Upward price trend – nudging $US70 barrel Petrol price predicted $A2 per L by 2010 Serious shortage of liquid fuels by 2045-2050 Total world oil reserves known – except Antarctica World consumption (Fuel and Feedstock) – 10 million Tonnes/Day Upward price trend – nudging $US70 barrel Petrol price predicted $A2 per L by 2010 Serious shortage of liquid fuels by 2045-2050 SQC

4. Upward Trend of Oil Prices Reasons  Oil is a Finite Resource  Political Instability of some oil producing Countries Artificial price maintenance by OPEC  Cost and Acceptability of Alternate Sources of Oil and/or Alternate Energy  Global Warming and Climate Change  Oil is a Finite Resource  Political Instability of some oil producing Countries Artificial price maintenance by OPEC  Cost and Acceptability of Alternate Sources of Oil and/or Alternate Energy  Global Warming and Climate Change SQC

5. Oil Supply and Transport  Transport Sector will Feel Effects of Reduced Fossil Fuel Supply First  How Viable are Alternatives to Fossil Fuels? Hybrid cars, H 2 Power, Fuel Cell  Dwindling Supply – Previously Uneconomic Sources of Fossil Fuels Viable  Transport Sector will Feel Effects of Reduced Fossil Fuel Supply First  How Viable are Alternatives to Fossil Fuels? Hybrid cars, H 2 Power, Fuel Cell  Dwindling Supply – Previously Uneconomic Sources of Fossil Fuels Viable SQC

6. Oil Pumping Derricks-Los Angelis SQC

7. After Campbell

8. SQC After Campbell

9. SQC After Campbell

10. SQC After Campbell

11. SQC Annual Oil Production- 1930- 2050 After Campbell

12. SQC Major Oil Reserves After Campbell

13. SQC World Oil Reserves After Campbell

14. SQC After Campbell

15. SQC After Campbell

16. SQC After Campbell

17. SQC After Campbell

18. SQC Short Term Alternatives to Fossil Fuel Ethanol – for Addition Biodiesel – From Recyclables such as restaurant wastes, Tallow, Plastic Wastes (bags) etc Biodiesel - From Renewable Sources such as – Canola and other plant materials Algae Ethanol – for Addition Biodiesel – From Recyclables such as restaurant wastes, Tallow, Plastic Wastes (bags) etc Biodiesel - From Renewable Sources such as – Canola and other plant materials Algae SQC Australia uses 14 billion litres of diesel per annum

19. SQC

20. Algae as Producers of Renewable Hydrocarbons Algae are chlorophyll containing plants Harness the sun’s energy using photosynthesis Use CO 2 for cellular materials and Growth and Reproduction - releasing O 2 Some Also Deposit Hydrocarbons in the cell Botryococcus - widespread in freshwater Algae are chlorophyll containing plants Harness the sun’s energy using photosynthesis Use CO 2 for cellular materials and Growth and Reproduction - releasing O 2 Some Also Deposit Hydrocarbons in the cell Botryococcus - widespread in freshwater SQC

21. Darwin Reservoir NT - 1976 After Hillen

22. SQC After Hillen

23. SQC Botryococcus SQC

24. Botryococcus After Qin

25. SQC Botryococcus After Hillen

26. Taxonomy Phylum: Chlorophyta (green algae) Class: Chlorophyceae Order: Tetrasporales Family: Dictyosphaeriaceae Genus: Botryococcus Species: braunii Phylum: Chlorophyta (green algae) Class: Chlorophyceae Order: Tetrasporales Family: Dictyosphaeriaceae Genus: Botryococcus Species: braunii Referred to as Botryococcus braunii or Bb

27. Morphology of Bb B : cell arrangement C : single cell and colony D : net shaped colony E : single cell F : single cell G : funnel shaped cup harbours oil H : single cell and colony sheets I : a view of cross cut After Qin

28. SQC Electron micrograph of Bb

29. SQC Biology of Bb Hydrocarbon content: 30-86% dry weight - General Formula C n H 2n-10 Biomass doubling time : 3.5 d Hydrocarbon content: 30-86% dry weight - General Formula C n H 2n-10 Biomass doubling time : 3.5 d After Qin

30. SQC Physiology of Bb Young algae: green (less oil) Producing straight chain olefin hydrocarbon (C23 – C31) Old algae: brown or red (more oil) Producing both straight and branched chain olefin hydrocarbon (C30 – C37) Young algae: green (less oil) Producing straight chain olefin hydrocarbon (C23 – C31) Old algae: brown or red (more oil) Producing both straight and branched chain olefin hydrocarbon (C30 – C37) After Qin

31. SQC Ecology Occurs in freshwater lakes ( Wake & Hillen, 1981 )  Tarago Reservoir, (2.1 km 2 - Vic)  Green Lake (1 km 2 - Vic)  Darwin River Reservoir, (4000 ha - NT) Production in Darwin River Reservoir : 500 kg/ha (Wake & Hillen,1980 ) Occurs in freshwater lakes ( Wake & Hillen, 1981 )  Tarago Reservoir, (2.1 km 2 - Vic)  Green Lake (1 km 2 - Vic)  Darwin River Reservoir, (4000 ha - NT) Production in Darwin River Reservoir : 500 kg/ha (Wake & Hillen,1980 ) Wake & Hillen 1980,1981

32. SQC Green Lake, Vic After Hillen

33. SQC Devilbend Reservoir After Hillen

34. SQC Shoreline Accumulation NT After Hillen

35. SQC After Hillen

36. SQC After Hillen

37. SQC Problems in Water Supplies After Hillen

38. SQC Dessiccated Coorangite After Hillen

39. SQC The impacts of temperature, light and salinity on the growth of oil- rich green alga Botryococcus braunii RIRDC Research Grant – 2003/4 SQC

40. Objectives To Understand and Determine the Environmental Tolerance To Demonstrate a Successful Culture Method To Examine the Link Between Oil Content and Dominant Environmental Factors Research Objectives SQC

41. Strains of B. braunii for research. China 1 strainChina 2 strain CCAP 1 strainCCAP 2 strainNIES strain After Qin

42. SQC AusIndustry REDI Grant 2006-08 Scale up and Trial the Production of Biohydrocarbons from Botryococcus braunii for Commercialisation SQC

43. Benefits of Renewable Biodiesel from Bb  A Renewable, Sustainable Fuel  Economic Gain for Australia Through:  Import Replacement  Carbon Credits  A profitable business with high product demand  A Renewable, Sustainable Fuel  Economic Gain for Australia Through:  Import Replacement  Carbon Credits  A profitable business with high product demand SQC

44. Thank you for having me! SQC