1. Organization Design Optimization Using Genetic Programming Bijan Khosraviani Raymond E. Levitt John R. Koza Stanford University

2. Criterion E (E) The result is equal to or better than the most recent human-created solution to a long-standing problem for which there has been a succession of increasingly better human-created solutions.

3. Criterion H (H) The result holds its own or wins a regulated competition involving human contestants (in the form of either live human players or human-written computer programs).

5. Organization Design A complex multi-dimensional problem involving properties of individuals and sub- teams, activity assignments, percentage allocation for each activity, and decision- making policy

6. Constraints Organization designs are subject to constraints such as size of staff, skills of team members, adherence to minimum process quality

7. Fitness Compliant organizational designs are rated by the duration of the project

8. Human Performance Over 50 teams of 4-5 people have worked on a benchmark problem involving the construction of a biotech plant Every year since 1996, graduate students in CEE 242 course at Stanford have broken into teams of 4-5 to work on the problem Also, every year since 1996, practicing professional project managers from industry have broken into teams of 4-5 to work on the problem as part of a summer program at Stanford in the Dept. of Civil Engineering

9. Human Results Between 1996 and 2001, teams regularly created designs that were superior to previous designs Each new best design won a bottle of champagne Since 2001, no team has created an improved solution

10. GP-Created Design The organizational design created by genetic programming (and described in a GECCO-2004 late-breaking paper) is 2% better than the best human-created design from over 50 teams of 4-5 people between 1996 and 2001.