1. Theories of Motivation

2. Theories of Motivation
Instinct/Evolutionary theory
Drive Reduction theory
Incentive theory
Optimal arousal theory
Humanistic theory
Cognitive constancy theory

3. Instinct/Evolutionary
Based on Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory
“Natural selection”
Our goals are to survive and reproduce
Proximate v. ultimate causes

4. Proximate v. Ultimate Causes
Proximate Cause
Ultimate Cause

5. Instinct/Evolutionary
Why are we attracted to certain people?
Why do we try to look a certain way?
Why do we strive for success?
What makes us take risks?

6. Is behavior pushed or pulled?

7. Drive reduction theory
Behavior is pushed internally
A physiological need creates a psychological drive to reestablish homeostasis
When the physiological need increases, so does the psychological drive
When the need is met, the drive is reduced
Drive-reducing
behaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need
(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive
(hunger, thirst)

8. Incentive Theory Behavior is pulled externally
Positive and negative stimuli either lure or repel us
Our individual learning histories determine what motivates us

9. So which is correct?
We are most driven when there is both a need and an incentive
Intrinsic v. extrinsic motivation

10. Optimal Arousal Theory
Not all behaviors achieve homeostasis or fulfill a need-based drive
Despite having biological needs satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation
Everyone has an “optimal level” of arousal
Optimal level is different for everyone and situational

11. Yerkes-Dodson Law*

12. Humanistic Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy
Self-actualization needs
Need to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Some needs take priority over others
People are naturally driven to better themselves
The order of needs is not fixed and can change based on the situation
Esteem needs
Need for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,
and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Belongingness and love needs
Need to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid
loneliness and alienation
Safety needs
Need to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Physiological needs
Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

13. Cognitive Constancy*
Beliefs that are in opposition often produce conflict (cognitive dissonance)
Behaviors counter to beliefs produce conflict
The individual is motivated to reduce the tension created by conflict
Tension reduced by changing or modifying beliefs
Tension reduced by changing or modifying behavior

14. Some questions about motivation . . .

15. Motivation Reflection
Write a 2-3 page reflection about what you think motivates people to do the things they do
Things to consider
Theories of motivation
The Mating Game article
Structured observations
Class discussion
Chapter 12
Due Monday, March 3rd