1. Upcoming Deadlines Second Homework (Mini-portfolio): Due Wednesday, September 2 nd ; 10 points (5 points if late) Campus Closed on Labor Day: Monday, September 7th Third Homework (Shooting Reference): Due Wednesday, September 9 th ; 10 points (5 points if late) For full schedule, visit course website: ArtPhysics123.pbworks.com Adding one person; if interested see me before class.

2. Homework Assignment #2 Make an entry in your course blog called "Mini-Portfolio" and post some images and movies, preferably your own work. Also tell me a little bit about yourself. This assignment is due by 8am on Wednesday, September 2 nd (in two days).

3. Grading Homework The morning that your homework is due I’ll visit your blog, check that you’ve done it, assign a grade (points), and possibly leave some comments. There is a significant penalty for late work so finish your assignments on time. Plan ahead. Better to post some work early and then revise it later, if you have time.

4. Homework Assignment #3 Video reference is a useful aid in creating animation and animators often have to shoot reference to suit their needs. Your homework assignment is to shoot video reference of an object, such as a ball or a water bottle, falling straight down from a height of about 4 feet.

5. Homework Assignment #3 You have to be the person in the video dropping the object so you'll probably need a friend to operate the camera. Plan your scene so that the object is clearly visible on each frame. Shoot at least 5 takes, even if they are all more or less the same. You can record one long clip or several short clips.

6. Homework Assignment #3 Many digital cameras have a movie mode and you can check out digital camcorders from the SJSU’s Instructional Resource Center. Also find out the frame rate at which your video camera records; many of them record at 30 frames per second instead of the usual 24 frames per second used in animation.

7. Homework Assignment #3 Create a post on your course blog entitled "Video Reference" and upload your clip(s) into that post. Keep your clips because you will need them for the next homework assignment. This assignment is due by 8am on Wednesday, September 9 th (next week).

8. Extra Credit Opportunity Visit the Alexander Calder exhibition at the San Jose Museum of Art. Exhibition runs through Dec. 13. Give me your ticket receipt for five points extra credit. Recommend you visit before Sept. 16 to also catch the “Todd Schorr: American Surreal” exhibition. Big Red, 1959 Detail from A Pirates Treasure Dream, 2006

9. San Jose Museum of Art Hours: Tuesday – Sunday, 11am - 5pm Admission: $5.00 for students Location: 110 South Market St. You are here

10. Activating your Clicker * Turn on your clicker. * Enter the number or letter that I give you for joining this class. Hit Enter/Send key. * Clicker should read PHY123SCI2 * Type in your student ID; hit Enter/Send. Clicker is now ready to use. Hit any key to wake the clicker from sleep mode.

11. Survey Question How much time did you spend on the first homework (create a blog) A)Less than 30 minutes B)An hour or so C)Several hours D)Did not get it done

12. Survey Question You have already posted your second homework (mini-portfolio). True (T) or False (F)

13. Physics of Falling

14. Ball Drop Animation Exercise Typically the first example one looks at in animation is falling motion, such as a falling ball. In this exercise, the drawing couldn’t be simpler. It’s just the same round ball in every drawing. Nevertheless, animating the ball so that it moves realistically can still be a challenge. But the challenge is not in how you draw the ball but where it is drawn on each frame.

15. Ball Drop in Animation Books The ball drop is discussed in every major textbook for animation. Why is this example considered so important?

16. It’s all in the timing… An essential element of animation is the timing and spacing between drawings “It’s not important what goes on each frame of film; it’s the spaces between the frames that are important. “ Norman McLaren Oscar winning animator of Neighbors

17. Disney’s Principles of Animation In their classic book, Disney Animation – The Illusion of Life, Frank Thomas and Olie Johnston list a set of basic principles for animation. 1.Squash & Stretch 2.Timing 3.Anticipation 4.Staging 5.Follow Through & Overlapping Action 6.Straight Ahead & Pose-to-Pose Action 7.Slow In and Slow Out 8.Arcs 9.Exaggeration 10.Secondary Action 11.Appeal

18. Principles of Timing and Spacing The principles of timing and spacing used to create a believable ball drop apply to many other types of motion, even character animation such as a jumping cat or effects animation such as a stream of water.

19. Timing: Frames, Keys, & Clocks We use three different ways of measuring time: Frames (intervals of 1/24 th of a second) Keys (given number of frames between poses) Clocks (actual seconds as measured by a clock) For example, you may “slug out” a scene using a stop watch, then convert that into a number of key poses, which appear as frames on your dope sheet (also called an exposure sheet or X sheet).

20. Frames between Keys IMPORTANT: For simplicity, in all our examples the key poses will always have an equal number of frames between each key. #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 FrameKey 1#1 2| 3| 4#2 5| 6| 7#3 8| Here are the key poses in a jump with the drawings “shot on threes”, that is, three frames per drawing. Dope Sheet

21. Uniform Motion The simplest type of motion is uniform motion; a heavy ball rolling on a table is a good example. Larger the spacing, the faster the ball is moving. In uniform motion, the velocity is constant so the spacing from frame to frame is constant.

22. Uniform Motion & Speed The timing and spacing determine the speed. 10 miles per hour 7 inches per frame 20 miles per hour15 inches per frame 30 miles per hour22 inches per frame 40 miles per hour29 inches per frame 50 miles per hour37 inches per frame 60 miles per hour44 inches per frame 90 miles per hour66 inches per frame The ball rolls about 20 inches per drawing so 10 inches per frame so about 15 m.p.h. This bowling ball is 12 inches in diameter with two frames per drawing (shooting on twos). What is the speed of the bowling ball?

23. Wile E. Coyote on Rocket Skates Play Let’s estimate his speed in this scene from “Beep Beep”

24. Question What would you guess is Wile’s speed? A)10 m.p.h. B)20 m.p.h. C)40 m.p.h. D)60 m.p.h. E)80 m.p.h. F)100 m.p.h.

25. Estimating Wile’s Speed 10 miles per hour 7 inches per frame 20 miles per hour15 inches per frame 30 miles per hour22 inches per frame 40 miles per hour29 inches per frame 50 miles per hour37 inches per frame 60 miles per hour44 inches per frame 90 miles per hour66 inches per frame He travels about the length of his ears (say 12-15 inches) per frame so he’s only going about 20 m.p.h. Frame 717 Frame 718 *Correction of 20% since movie is 30 fps instead of 24 fps; going 24 m.p.h.

26. Uniform Motion in Perspective Uniform motion may not appear uniform due to distortion of scale when shown in perspective. Distances are equally- spaced, in perspective Vanishing Point Horizon Line Ball rolling from foreground to background

27. Slowing In (or Easing In) If an object’s motion is not uniform, the object is either speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction. If the speed is decreasing then the spacing between drawings decreases, which in animation is called “slowing in” (or “easing in”). A sled slowing by friction is a simple example of slowing in. Slowing In

28. Slowing Out (or Easing Out) If the speed is increasing then the spacing between drawings increases, which in animation is called “slowing out” (or “easing out”). A ball rolling down an incline is an example of slowing out. A ball falling downward is another example of slowing out. Slowing Out Slowing Out

29. Spacing Charts The Animator’s Survival Kit (and many other books) presents slowing in and out with spacing charts next to the animation drawings. Pendulum Swing Spacing Chart Slowing Out Slowing In

30. Slowing In & Out in Spacing Charts Uniform motion (from Animator’s Survival Kit) Slowing in & out (from Animator’s Survival Kit)

31. Slowing In & Out in Character Animation The importance of slowing in & out is that it occurs so commonly in all types of animated motion. (from Animator’s Survival Kit)

32. Disney’s Principles of Animation Slowing in and out is another one of the principles of animation. 1.Squash & Stretch 2.Timing 3.Anticipation 4.Staging 5.Follow Through & Overlapping Action 6.Straight Ahead & Pose-to-Pose Action 7.Slow In and Slow Out 8.Arcs 9.Exaggeration 10.Secondary Action 11.Appeal

33. Ball Drop Animation Exercise Let’s look at the ball drop in detail, first looking at the motion as the ball starts to fall from the apex. Apex Play

34. Distance Fallen from an Apex Time (seconds) FramesDistance fallen from apex 1 / 24 1 1 / 3 inch 1 / 12 21 1 / 3 inches 1/81/8 33 inches 1/61/6 45 1 / 3 inches ¼61 foot 1/31/3 81 ¾ feet ½124 feet 2/32/3 167 feet ¾189 feet 12416 feet Distance fallen from the drawing at the highest point (called the apex) is given by this table. The formula to compute this table is: (Distance in inches) = (Number of Frames) x (1/3 inch)

35. Distance Fallen and Weight The distance that an object falls does not depend on its weight so long as the force of air resistance is minimal. A softball and a bowling ball fall together when released from the same apex.

36. Home Demo: Catch a Buck Take a one dollar bill and have a friend put their thumb and index fingers near Washington’s head. At random, let go of the dollar. Can your friend react fast enough to catch the money?

37. Question How quickly do you have to react in order to catch the dollar? A)1/24 th second B)1/12 th second C)1/8 th second D)1/4 th second E)½ second F)One second

38. Reaction Time to Catch a Buck Half length of dollar bill is 3 inch so it takes about 1 / 8 of a second (0.125 seconds) to fall this distance. Typical reaction time is 0.20 to 0.25 seconds so most people cannot catch the dollar.

39. Measuring Reaction Time Release Catch Distance (inches) Time (sec.) 1 0.07 2 0.10 3 0.12 4 0.14 5 0.16 6 0.17 7 0.19 8 0.20 10 0.23 12 0.25 14 0.27 16 0.29 18 0.30

40. Slugging and Reaction Time In planning a scene, you may use a stopwatch to time it as acted out in live action (called “slugging” a scene). Your reaction time is about a 1 / 4 second delay so should you subtract that much from your stopwatch reading? No, because there’s a reaction time delay in hitting START but also in hitting STOP.

41. Planning a Scene (1) You want to animate a softball falling straight down from a height of four feet. Diameter of a baseball is four inches. How many total frames will we need to animate? The table says it takes 12 frames (½ a second) for the ball to fall four feet. So there will be 13 frames, including the first frame, which is the release. ?

42. Planning a Scene (2) Let’s say we’ll “shoot on twos” and only draw every other frame. With key #1 being the release, how many drawings do you need? Seven drawings for the 13 frames FrameKey 1#1 2/ 3#2 4/ 5#3 6/ 7#4 8/ 9#5 10/ 11#6 12/ 13#7 ?

43. Planning a Scene (3) The first key is when the ball is released and the second key is two frames later (since we’re “shooting on twos”). About where will the ball be on the second key? The table tells us that after two frames the ball to falls 1 1 / 3 inches (a third of its diameter).

44. Next Lecture Physics of Falling II Revenge of the Fallen By Wednesday: Complete the 2 nd homework (Post a mini-portfolio on your blog) Please return the clickers!