1. Stoichiometry: Formulas and the Mole Lincoln High School 1

2. The Mole Chemical reactions involve atoms and molecules. The ratios with which elements combine depend on the number of atoms not on their mass. The masses of atoms or molecules depend on the substance. Individual atoms and molecules are extremely small. Hence a larger unit is appropriate for measuring quantities of matter. A mole is equal to exactly the number of atoms in exactly 12.0000 grams of carbon 12. This number is known as Avogadro’s number. 1 mole is equal to 6.022 x 10 23 particles. 2

3. Definitions of the Mole 1 mole of a substance has a mass equal to the formula mass in grams. Examples 1 mole H 2 O is the number of molecules in 18.015 g H 2 O 1 mole H 2 is the number of molecules in 2.016 g H 2. 1 mole of atoms has a mass equal to the atomic weight in grams. 1 mole of particles = 6.02214 x 10 23 particles for any substance! The Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance Avogadro's number is the number of particles (molecules) in one mole for any substance 3

4. The Mole A mole is equivalent to a gram atomic weight or gram molecular weight 4

5. The Formula Mass The formula mass is the sum of atomic masses in a formula. If the formula is a molecular formula, then the formula mass may also be called a molecular mass. 5

6. Formula Mass and the Mole The atomic mass of Carbon 12 is exactly 12.00000. 1 atomic mass unit = 1/12 of the atomic mass of carbon 12. The periodic table gives the average atomic mass for an element relative to Carbon 12. 1 mole of a substance is 6.022 x 10 23 particles. The mole of atomic mass units is equal to 1.000 gram. 6

7. Gram Formula Mass The formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses in a formula. A gram formula mass is the same number expressed in grams. It is also equal to Avogadro’s Number of particles Example: H 2 O From the Periodic Table - Atomic Masses: H =1.00797, O = 15.999 The formula mass = 2(1.00797)+15.999 = 18.015 Adding the unit “grams” to the formula mass transforms it into a gram formula mass or mole. 7

8. The Mole The mole is connects the macro world that we can measure with the micro world of atoms and molecules. A Mole is also equal to – 1 gram formula mass. – 22.4 dm 3 of any gas measured at 0 o C and 1.0 atmosphere of pressure. 8

9. Example 1: Calculating the Molar Mass of a Compound Calculate the gram formula mass or Molar Mass of Na 3 PO 4. Atom#Atomic MassTotal Na3X 23.0=69.0 P1X 31.0=31.0 O4X 16.0=64.0 Total=164.0 Therefore the molar mass is 164.0 g mol -1 9

10. Example 2: Find the mass of 2.50 moles of Ca(OH) 2 Find the molar mass of Calcium hydroxide and multiply by 2.50 mol The molar mass of Ca(OH) 2 is 1 Ca 1 x 40.08 = 40.08 2 O 2 x 16.00 = 32.00 2 H 2 x 1.01 = 2.02 Molar Mass = 74.10 g mol -1 2.50 mol x 74.10 g mol -1 = 185.25 g 10

11. Calculating Moles The number of moles in a given mass of a substance can be determined by dividing the mass by the molar mass Moles =Mass Molar Mass 11

12. Example 3: Find the number of moles in 44.46 grams of Ca(OH) 2 Find the molar mass of and divide it into the given mass From the previous example the molar mass of calcium hydroxide is 74.10 gmol -1. 44.46 g Ca(OH) 2. = 0. 6000 mol 74.10 g mol -1 Ca(OH) 2 12

13. Example 4: Calculating Moles Calculate the number of moles in 20.5 grams of Na 3 PO 4 Moles =Mass Molar Mass Moles = 20.5 g 164.0 g mol -1 = 0.125 mol Note: Mol is the standard abbreviation for a mole 13

14. Calculating Mass From Moles The mass of a quantity of a substance can be found by multiplying the number of moles by the molar mass Mass =Moles X Molar Mass 14

15. Example 5 Calculating Mass from Moles Calculate the mass of 2.50 moles of Na 3 PO 4 Mass = Moles X Molar Mass ==== 2.50 mol x 164.0 g mol -1 409 g 15

16. Percentage Composition According to the law of definite proportions, compounds, contain definite proportions of each element by mass. The sum of all of the atomic masses of elements in a formula is called the formula mass. If it is expressed in grams, then it is called a gram formula mass or molar mass. If it represents the sum of all of the masses of all of the elements in a molecule then it is called a molecular mass. To find the percentage of each element in a compound it is necessary to compare the total mass of each element with the formula mass. 16

17. Percentage Composition The percent by mass of each element in a compound is equal to the percentage that its atomic mass is of the formula mass. Example: Calculate the percentage of oxygen in potassium chlorate, KClO 3 Atomic masses: K = 39.10, Cl = 35.45 and O = 16.00. Formula mass = 39.10 + 35.45+ 3(16.00) = 122.55 Percent Oxygen = (3(16.00)/122.55) x (100) = 39.17% 17

18. Example 2 Calculate the percentage by mass of each element in potassium carbonate, K 2 CO 3 First calculate the formula mass for K 2 CO 3. Find the atomic mass of each element from the periodic table. Multiply it by the number of times it appears in the formula and add up the total 2 Potassium atoms K 2 x 39.10 = 78.20 1 carbon atom C 1 x 12.01 = 12.01 3 Oxygen atoms O 3 x 16.00 = 48.00 Total = 138.21 To find the percent of each element divide the part of the formula mass that pertains to that element with the total formula mass Percent of Potassium K = 78.20 X 100 =56.58 % 138.21 Percent of Carbon C = 12.01 X 100 = 8.69 % 138.21 Percent of Oxygen O = 48.00 X 100 = 34.73 % 138.21 18

19. Empirical Formula Determination The empirical formula is the simplest ratio of the numbers of atoms of each element that make a compound. To find the empirical formula of a compound: 1.Divide the amount of each element (either in mass or percentage) by its atomic mass. This calculation gives you moles of atoms for each element that appears in the formula 2.Convert the results to small whole number ratios. Often the ratios are obvious. If they are not divide all of the other quotients by the smallest quotient 19

20. Example 1 Analysis of a certain compound showed that 39.348 grams of compound contained 0.883 grams of hydrogen, 10.497 grams of Carbon, and 27.968 grams of Oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. First divide the amount by the atomic mass to get the number of moles of each kind of atom in the formula Hydrogen H = 0.883 g = 0.874 mol 1.01 g mol -1 CarbonC = 10.497 g = 0.874 mol 12.01 g mol -1 OxygenO = 27.968 g = 1.748 mol 16.00 g mol -1 Analysis of the ratio s shows that the first two are identical and that the third is twice the other two. Therefore the ratio of H to C to O is 1 to 1 to 2. The empirical formula is HCO 2 20

21. Molecular Formula To calculate the molecular formula from the empirical formula it is necessary to know the molecular (molar) mass. Add up the atomic masses in the empirical formula to get the factor Divide this number into the molecular formula mass. If the number does not divide evenly you probably have a mistake in the empirical formula or its formula mass Multiply each subscript in the empirical formula by the factor to get the molecular formula 21

22. Molecular Formula Example Example: Suppose the molecular mass of the compound in the previous example, HCO 2 is 90.0. Calculate the molecular formula. The empirical formula mass of is 1 H 1.0 x 1= 1.0 1 C 12.0 x 1 = 12.0 2 O 16.0 x 2 = 32.0 Total 45.0 Note that 45 is exactly half of the molecular mass of 90. So the formula mass of HCO 2 is exactly half of the molecular mass. Hence the molecular formula is double that of the empirical formula or H 2 C 2 O 4 22

23. Part 2: Stoichiometry Problems Mass-Mass Problems Mass-Volume 23

24. Quantity Relationships in Chemistry 24

25. Stoichiometry Problems Stoichiometry problems involve the calculation of amounts of materials in a chemical reaction from known quantities in the same reaction The substance whose amount is known is the given substance The substance whose amount is to be determined is the required substance 25

26. Mass to Mass Problems Goal: To calculate the mass of a substance that appears in a chemical reaction from the mass of a given substance in the same reaction. The given substance is the substance whose mass is known. The required substance is the substance whose mass is to be determined. 26

27. Steps in a Mass to Mass Problem 1.Find the molar masses (aka. gram formula masses) for the given and the required substances 2.Convert the given mass to moles by dividing it by the molar mass 3.Multiple the given moles by the mole ratio to get the moles of the required substance 4.Multiple the number of moles of the required substance by its molar mass to get the mass of the required substance 27

28. Summary of Mass Relationships 28

29. Example 1 Mass-Mass Problem Glucose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O How many grams of CO 2 are produced from burning 45.0 g of glucose? 29

30. Example 1 Mass-Mass Problem Glucose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O How many grams of CO 2 are produced from burning 45.0 g of glucose? 1.Make sure that the equations is balanced 2.Divide the mass of the given by its molar mass 45.0 g C 6 H 12 O 6 x 180.0 g mol -1 C 6 H 12 O 6 30

31. Example 1 Mass-Mass Problem Glucose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O How many grams of CO 2 are produced from burning 45.0 g of glucose? 1.Make sure that the equations is balanced 2.Divide the mass of the given by its molar mass 3. Multiply by the mole ratio 45.0 g C 6 H 12 O 6 x 6 mol CO 2 180.0 g mol -1 C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 = 1.5 moles CO 2 31

32. Example 1 Mass-Mass Problem Glucose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O How many grams of CO 2 are produced from burning 45.0 g of glucose? 1.Make sure that the equation is balanced 2.Divide the mass of the given by its molar mass 3.Multiply by the mole ratio 4.Multiply by the molar mass of the required 45.0 g C 6 H 12 O 6 x 6 mol CO 2 x 44.0 g mol -1 CO 2 180.0 g mol -1 C 6 H 12 O 6 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 = 66.0 g of CO 2 32

33. Example 2 Mass-Mass Problem What mass of Barium chloride is required to react with 48.6 grams of sodium phosphate according to the following reaction: 2 Na 3 PO 4 + 3BaCl 2  Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 6 NaCl 33

34. Example 2 What mass of Barium chloride is required to react with 48.6 grams of sodium phosphate according to the following reaction 2 Na 3 PO 4 + 3BaCl 2  Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 6 NaCl 48.6g Na 3 PO 4 x 3 mol BaCl 2 x 208.3 g mol -1 BaCl 2 164.0 g mol -1 Na 3 PO 4 2 mol Na 3 PO 4 = 92.6 g of BaCl 2 Molar Masses: Na 3 PO 4 = 3(23.0)+31.0+4(16.0) =164 g mol -1 BaCl 2 = 137.3 +2(35.5) = 208.3 g mol -1 34

35. Example 3 What mass of carbon dioxide is produced from burning 100 grams of ethanol in oxygen according to the following reaction : C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2  2 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O 35

36. Example 3 What mass of carbon dioxide is produced from burning 100 grams of ethanol in oxygen according to the following reaction : C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2  2 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O C 2 H 5 OH Molar Masses: C 2 H 5 OH = 2(12) +6(1)+ 16 = 46 CO 2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44.0 100.0 g C 2 H 5 OH x 2 mol CO 2 X 44.0 g mol -1 CO 2 46.0 g mol -1 1 mol C 2 H 5 OH = 191.3 g CO 2 36

37. Mass to Volume Problems 37

38. Mass to Volume Problems Goal: To calculate the volume of a gas that appears in a chemical reaction from the mass of a given substance in the same reaction. The given substance is the substance whose mass is known. The required substance is the gas whose volume is to be determined. Remember 1 mole of any gas at STP is equal to 22.4 dm 3. STP is defined as 0 o C and 1 atmosphere of pressure. 38

39. Steps in a Mass to Volume Problem 1.Find the gram formula masses for the given substance. 2.Convert the given mass to moles by dividing it by the molar mass 3.Multiple the given moles by the mole ratio to get the moles of the required substance 4.Multiple the number of moles of the required substance by the molar volume, 22.4 dm 3 mol -1, to get the volume of the required substance. 5.This procedure is only valid if the required substance is a gas. It does not work for solids, liquids, or solutions. 39

40. Example 1 Mass-Volume Problem Sucrose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 12 H 22 O 11 + 12 O 2  12 CO 2 + 11 H 2 O What volume of CO 2 measured at STP is produced from burning 100 g of sucrose? 40

41. Example 1 Mass-Volume Problem Sucrose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 12 H 22 O 11 + 12 O 2  12 CO 2 + 11 H 2 O What volume of CO 2 measured at STP is produced from burning 100 g of sucrose? 1. Find the molar mass of the given substance C 12 H 22 O 11 Molar mass of C 12 H 22 O 11 = 12 (12.0) +22 (1.0) + 11 (16.0) = 342.0 g mol -1 41

42. Example 1: Mass-Volume Problem Sucrose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 12 H 22 O 11 + 12 O 2  12 CO 2 + 11 H 2 O What volume of CO 2 measured at STP is produced from burning 100 g of sucrose? 2. Find moles of the given: 100 g C 12 H 22 O 11 = 0.292 moles 342 g mol -1 C 12 H 22 O 11 42

43. Example 1: Mass-Volume Problem Sucrose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 12 H 22 O 11 + 12 O 2  12 CO 2 + 11 H 2 O What volume of CO 2 measured at STP is produced from burning 100 g of sucrose? 3. Multiply by the mole ratio: 100.0 g C 12 H 22 O 11 x 12 moles CO 2 342.0 g mol -1 C 12 H 22 O 11 1 mole C 12 H 22 O 11 CO 2 = 3.51 moles CO 2 43

44. Example 1: Mass-Volume Problem Sucrose burns in oxygen to form CO 2 and H 2 O according to this equation: C 12 H 22 O 11 + 12 O 2  12 CO 2 + 11 H 2 O What volume of CO 2 measured at STP is produced from burning 100 g of sucrose? 4. Multiply by the molar volume, 22.4 dm 3 mol -1. 100.0 g C 12 H 22 O 11 x 12 moles CO 2 x 22.4 dm 3 mol -1 CO 2 342.0 g mol -1 C 12 H 22 O 11 1 moles C 12 H 22 O 11 =78.6 dm 3 44

45. Example 2 Mass-Volume Problem What volume of carbon dioxide gas would be produced by reacting 25.0 g of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid according to the following reaction: Na 2 CO 3 + 2 HCl  2 NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O 45

46. Example 2 Mass-Volume Problem 25.0 g Na 2 CO 3 x 1 mole CO 2 x 22.4 dm 3 mol -1 CO 2 106.0 g mol -1 Na 2 CO 3 1 moles Na 2 CO 3 = 5.28 dm 3 of CO 2 Na 2 Molar Mass: Na 2 CO 3 =2(23.0)+ 12.0 +3(16.0) =106.0 What volume of carbon dioxide gas would be produced by reacting 25.0 g of Sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid according to the following reaction: Na 2 CO 3 + 2 HCl  2 NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O 46

47. Summary of Stoichiometric Relationships 47

48. Solutions and Stoichiometry Many times the reactants and/or products of chemical reactions are water solutions. In these cases the concentration of the solution must be determined in order to determine amounts of reactants or products The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solution 48

49. Molarity The most common concentration unit is Molarity Molarity (M) =Moles of solute dm 3 of solution 49

50. Molarity Calculations How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare 250 cm 3 of 0.500 M solution? –Molar Mass of NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40.0 g/mol –250 cm 3 = 0.250 dm 3 (0.500 mol) x(40.0 g) x (0.250 dm 3 ) = 5.00 g ( dm 3 ) x ( mol ) 50

51. Molarity Calculations Calculate the concentration of a NaCl solution that contains 24.5 g of NaCl in 250 cm 3 of solution. –Molar mass of NaCl = 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5 (24.5 g NaCl)X 1 = 1.67 M (58.5 g mol -1 ) (0.250 dm 3 ) 51

52. Stoichiometry Calculations Involving Solutions 1 15.0 cm 3 of a 0.500 M AgNO 3 solution is required to precipitate the sodium chloride in 10 cm 3 of a salt solution. What is the concentration of the solution? AgNO 3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) +KNO 3 (aq) Molar Mass NaCl = 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol 0.500 mol AgNO 3 X 0.0150 dm 3 x1 mol NaCl X58.5 g mol -1 NaCl dm 3 1 mol AgNO 3 = 0.439 g of NaCl 52 0.439 g of NaCl x 1 58.5 g mol -1 0.0100 dm 3 = 0.75 mol dm -3 or 0.75 M

53. Stoichiometry Calculations Involving Solutions 2 Copper metal reacts with nitric acid according to the following reaction: 8 HNO 3 (aq) + 3 Cu  3 Cu(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 4 H 2 O (l) + 2 NO (g) What volume of 8.00 M HNO 3 would be required to consume a copper penny whose mass is 3.08 grams? 53 (3.08 g Cu ) (8 mol HNO 3 ) (1 dm 3 )( 1000 cm 3 ) (63.55 g mol -1 Cu ) (3 mol Cu) (8 mol HNO 3 ) (1 dm 3 ) = 16.2 cm 3

54. Summary of Stoichiometric Relationships 54

55. Limiting Reagent Although we have been basing our calculations thus far on only one of the reactants in a chemical reaction, the reaction will only occur if we have all of the reactants The mole ratio determines how much of each reactant we need for the reaction Often we have an excess of one of the reactants. Then not all of that reactant will be used up. There will be some left over. It is known as the excess reagent. The other reactant will be used up and it will determine the amount of product we can form. It is known as the limiting reagent 55

56. Cookie Recipe Recipe Ingredients 1 cube butter 1 cup canola oil 2 cups white sugar 1 egg 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking soda 4 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1 cup oatmeal 1 (12 ounce) package chocolate chips Makes 24 cookies In my cupboard I have: 5 cubes butter 8 cups canola oil 8 cups white sugar 12 eggs 20 teaspoons vanilla extract 1 pound salt 40 teaspoons baking soda 45 cups all-purpose flour 30 cups oatmeal 5 (12 ounce) packages chocolate chips 5 pounds of dog biscuits How many cookies I can make with out going to the store? 56

57. Limiting Reagent To determine which of the reagents is the limiting reagent 1.Calculate the number of moles of each reactant 2.Multiply first reactant by the appropriate mole ratio to get the number of moles of the second reactant that you need. 3.Compare the amount of the second reactant you have to the amount you need. 4.If you have more than you need it is in excess and the first reactant is the limiting reagent 5.If you have less of the second reactant than you need it becomes the limiting reagent 6.Use the number of moles of the limiting reagent to calculate the required quantity in the problem 57

58. Limiting Reagent Example 1 58 Barium chloride reacts with potassium phosphate as follows: 3 BaCl 2 (aq) + 2 K 3 PO 4 (aq)  6 KCl (aq) + Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s) Calculate the mass of barium phosphate that could be formed when a solution containing 10.00 g of potassium phosphate is added to a solution containing 12.00 g of barium chloride. Molar mass potassium phosphate = 3(39.10) + (30.97) + 4(16.00) = 212.27 g mol -1 Molar mass barium chloride = (137.34) + 2(35.45) = 208.24 g mol -1 Molar mass barium phosphate = 3(137.34)+ 2(30.97)+(8)(16.00) = 601.96 g mol -1 Moles barium chloride = 12.00g / 208.24 g mol -1 = 0.05762 mol Moles potassium phosphate = 10.00g / 212.27 g mol -1 = 0.04711 mol The mole ratio is 3 mol BaCl 2 to 2 mol K 3 PO 4. While there are more moles of BaCl 2 than K 3 PO 4, It is not 1.5 times greater. Therefore BaCl 2 is the limiting reagent and all other calculations will be based on barium chloride. (0.05762 mol BaCl 2 ) (1mol Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) (601.96 g mol -1 Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) ( 3 mol BaCl 2 ) = 11.56 g of Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2

59. Percent Yield 59 Stoichiometry allows us to calculate the amounts of reactants required or the amounts of products generated from a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions frequently do not proceed to completion. Hence the amount of product recovered is often less than would be predicted from stoichiometric calculations. In these situations it is helpful to calculate a percent yield.

60. Percent Yield 60 The Theoretical Yield is defined as the amount of product(s) calculated using Stoichiometry calculations The Actual Yield is the amount of product that can actually be recovered when the reaction is done in a lab. The Percent Yield is calculated as follows Actual yield x 100 Theoretical yield

61. Percent Yield 61 Iron reacts with copper sulfate in a single replacement reaction as follows Fe (s) + CuSO 4 (aq)  FeSO 4 (aq) + Cu (s) 30.00 grams of iron metal were added to excess were added to excess copper sulfate dissolved in a water solution. 22.50 grams of copper were recovered. Calculate the theoretical yield of copper in this experiment. 1. First calculate the theoretical yield 22.50 g Cu 34.14 g Cu (30.00 g Fe) (1 mol Cu ) (63.55 g mol -1 Cu) (55.85 g mol -1 Fe) (1 mol Fe ) 2. Divide the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiply by 100 = 34.14 g Cu X 100 = 65.91%