2. 1 Sentence Structure Mrs. Meents Turlock Junior High School

3. 2 Simple Sentence A simple sentence is one independent clause

4. 3 Independent Clause An independent clause –makes a complete statement –has a subject and a verb Sally runs. SVSV

5. 4 Subject The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. –John went for a walk.

6. 5 Subject The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. –John went for a walk. (person) –Towns are quiet after snowfalls.

7. 6 Subject The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. –John went for a walk. (person) –Towns are quiet after snowfalls. (place) –Eggs rolled off the counter.

8. 7 Subject The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that the sentence is about. The subject is doing something or having something told about it. –John went for a walk. (person) –Towns are quiet after snowfalls. (place) –Eggs rolled off the counter. (thing)

9. 8 Subject Not every noun in a sentence is the subject of the sentence. –John went for a walk. –Towns are quiet after snowfalls. –Eggs rolled off the counter. Sub

10. 9 Verbs A verb shows the action or state of being –is –am –are –was –were of the subject of the sentence.

11. 10 Verbs Physical action –Sally sneezed. Mental action –John thinks. State of being –Jesse is my friend.

12. 11 Verb Phrases A verb phrase is a helping verb or verbs plus a main verb. –did think –could have been driving –has gone

13. 12 “Not a Verb” List Many students identify the following as verbs; they are not.

14. 13 “Not a Verb” List The word “not” is not a verb. –Mr. Smith would not cancel school today.

15. 14 “Not a Verb” List The word “not” is not a verb. –Mr. Smith would not cancel school today. –Mr. Smith wouldn’t cancel school today.

16. 15 “Not a Verb” List The word “not” is not a verb. –Mr. Smith would not cancel school today. –Mr. Smith wouldn’t cancel school today.

17. 16 “Not a Verb” List An “ing” word must have a helping verb in front of it to be a verb. –Mrs. Meents is sleeping late today. –Running is my favorite sport. sub verb subverb

18. 17 “Not a Verb” List A verb with “to” in front of it is not the verb of the sentence; it’s an infinitive. –The students wanted (to go) home early. subverb

19. 18 “Not a Verb” List When there is a question, the verb phrase is split. –Did Mr. Long visit our class today? The subject is not part of the verb phrase. sub verb

20. 19 “Not a Verb” List A word ending in “ly” is not a verb. “Ly” words are adverbs. –The school was painted recently. –The school was recently painted. Verb Adverb Adverb

21. 20 Verb-Subject Identification Procedure 1.Eliminate prepositional phrases. 2.Look for the action or state-of- being word to find the verb. 3.Ask yourself “who or what (verb)?” to find the subject. The top of the can came off. Kevin reported the theft. Paula is an astronaut. verbsub verbsub verbsub

22. 21 Example Set I SV—One subject/One verb 1.Jane went to the pool. 2.Paul is a very nice guy. 3.Cakes lined the store window. 4.I love chocolate ice cream. 5.Bikes are very expensive. verb sub verbsub verbsub verbsub verb sub

23. 22 Example Set II 1.The old gray mare limped down the lane. 2.The silver-winged plane soared. 3.Johnny’s baby sister cried for hours. 4.The first three girls giggled. 5.Fourteen good pilots died in the war. verbsub verb sub verb sub verb sub verbsub

24. 23 Example Set III 1.The bus must have gone by now. 2.My best friend could not work tonight. 3.The light green grapes have been eaten. sub verb

25. 24 Example Set III (cont) 4.The committee of environmentalists is working to solve the smog problem. 5.Steven’s aunt is not following her new diet. verb sub verb sub

26. 25 Example Set IV SSV-compound sub/one verb 1.Bill and Sue want to go to the movies. 2.Jason and his friends work together. 3.Are the car and truck parked outside? verb sub verb sub

27. 26 Example Set IV (cont.) 4.The park and sidewalks are covered with snow. 5.Hiding and seeking are fun activities. verb sub verb

28. 27 Example Set V SVV—One subject/compound verb 1.Sally swam and played all afternoon. 2.The dogs had barked all night and slept all day. 3.Michelle came home yesterday and did not work all day today. verb sub verb sub verb sub

29. 28 Example Set V (cont) 4.The basketball team rode on a bus and flew in a plane to attend the game. 5.The park is dark and spooky at night and can be delightful on sunny days. verb sub verb sub

30. 29 Example Set VI SSVV—Compound sub/compound verb 1.The ponies and calves scampered and played in the field. 2.Kathy and her father do not like to play tennis and hate to jog. verb sub verb sub

31. 30 Example Set VI (cont) 3.The Army and the Navy had a football game and filled the stadium. 4.The two boys and their fathers were sick and did not attend the Father- Son Banquet. verb sub verb sub

32. 31 Example Set VI (cont) 5.Parties and dances are usually fun and can be thrilling. verb sub

33. 32 Simple Sentence Formulas SV—one subject/one verb –J–Joanie loves to sing. SSV—compound subject/one verb –T–Tom and Bernice are late. SVV—one subject/compound verb –E–Eddie tripped and fell. SSVV—compound subject/ compound verb. –D–Danny and Louise hurried and caught the bus.

34. 33 Formula Card Simple Sentences sv ssv svv ssvv

35. 34 Simple Sentence A simple sentence is one independent clause

36. 35 Compound Sentences A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. –The students finished class, and they went to lunch.

37. 36 Compound Sentences Kevin didn’t want to hurt Kathy’s feelings, so he said nothing about her mistake. I want to see my sister soon, for she has been in Switzerland for two years.

38. 37 Compound Sentences Compound sentences are joined with a comma and a conjunction: –The sun was shining, and the sky was clear. Or with a semicolon: –Mike and Bernie went for a hike; the day was beautiful.

39. 38 Compound Sentences In a compound sentence not all the subjects are doing all the verbs. –The men and women met at the station and went to dinner. (simple) –The men met at the station, and the women went to dinner. (compound)

40. 39 Compound sentences The ducks and geese squawked and fluttered their wings. (simple) The ducks squawked, and the geese fluttered their wings. (compound)

41. 40 Compound Sentences Harry and Joe ate ice cream and drank pop. (simple) Harry ate ice cream, and Joe drank pop. (compound)

42. 41 Coordinating Conjunctions FANBOYS –for –and –nor –but –or –yet –so

43. 42 Simple Sentence A simple sentence is one independent clause. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. An independent clause –has a subject and a verb –is a complete thought or idea

44. 43 Coordinating Conjunctions Use coordinating conjunctions with a comma to join two independent clauses. –Baseball is my favorite sport to watch, but football is my favorite sport to play. –The children ran all the way to school, yet they were late anyway. –You will have to finish the project, or your group will get a failing grade. –Hanni was not at the game, nor was she at the party. –We did not see Mike at the movie, nor did we see him at the restaurant.

45. 44 Semicolons Semicolons (;) can also be used to join the two independent clauses of a compound sentence. –Susan loves to swim; her brother likes to dive. –Jason was highly respected; he was always such a responsible person. –The meeting was over; it was already midnight.

46. 45 Formulas for Compound Sentences I,cI Independent Clause, conjunction Independent Clause I;I Independent Clause; Independent Clause

47. 46 Formula Card Simple Sentences sv ssv svv ssvv Compound Sentences I,cI I;I

48. 47 Coordinating Conjunctions “For” means because in a compound sentence. –She enjoys Disneyland, for she has fun there. “And” joins two equally important ideas. –I went shopping, and I ate lunch. “Nor” introduces a negative clause. –John will not do his homework, nor will he clean his room.

49. 48 Coordinating Conjunctions “But shows a contrast between two ideas. –I tried my very hardest, but I came in last in the race. “Or” give a choice between two ideas. –You may do the assignment now, or you may complete it at home tonight.

50. 49 Coordinating Conjunctions “Yet” shows a contrast between two ideas. (but) –The teacher read the story slowly, yet I still missed the main idea. “So” tells you that the first clause causes the second clause. –You ate your lunch too fast, so you have a stomach ache.

51. 50 “For” and “Nor” “For” = “because” in a compound sentence –The football field was ruined, for the rain had flooded it. –Johnny is going to fail language arts, for –Mrs. Meents is very happy, for

52. 51 “For” and “Nor” “Nor” is a negative word followed by the helping verb from the first clause: –R–Rich did not do his class work, nor did he finish his homework. –R–Rich isn’t very smart, nor –R–Rich won’t pass language arts, nor

53. 52 “For” and “Nor” Rich can’t go to the movies, nor Rich wasn’t at school, nor

54. 53 Compound Sentences Combine two simple sentences to form a compound sentence. –Stacy needed a new dress. –She went shopping. –Stacy needed a new dress, so she went shopping. sub verb subverb subverbsubverb I,cI

55. 54 Jose studied for the test. He got an A. Jose studied for the test, so he got an A. sub verb I,cI

56. 55 Tina wanted a puppy. Her parents said no. Tina wanted a puppy, but her parents said no. verb sub I,cI

57. 56 The pool opens this weekend. We should go. The pool opens this weekend; we should go. I;I sub verb

58. 57 We should go to McDonald’s. They have cheap food. We should go to McDonald’s, for they have cheap food. I,cI verb sub

59. 58 Celeste doesn’t like math. She doesn’t like history. Celeste doesn’t like math, nor does she like history. I,cI sub verb

60. 59 We could play video games. We could listen to music We could play video games, or we could listen to music. verb sub verb

61. 60 How to build a compound sentence independent clause, conjunctionindependent clause I,c I independent clause ; I ; I represented by

62. 61 Compound Sentence Formulas I,cI Independent Clause, conjunction Independent Clause I;I Independent Clause; Independent Clause

63. 62 Complex Sentences A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that cannot stand alone.

64. 63 Complex Sentences I like Sally because she is funny. Kathy will be late for dinner since the meeting is still in progress. The game will end when one team scores.

65. 64 Dependent Clauses My brother hit me. when my brother hit me I love pizza. because I love pizza

66. 65 Subordinating Conjunctions Sneaky little words that turn independent clauses into dependent clauses.

67. 66 Some words that can be used as subordinating conjunctions are: after although as as if as long as as soon as as though because before even if even though if in order that just as like once provided rather than since so that than though unless until when whenever while

68. 67 How to build a complex sentence dependent clause, independent clause D, I independent clausedependent clause I D represented by

69. 68 Formula Card Simple Sentences sv ssv svv ssvv Compound Sentences I,cI I;I Complex Sentences D,I ID

70. 69 Dependent Clause First Comma needed –When I get to Phoenix, you’ll be sleeping. –After the players practiced, they went out for a pizza. –Until the storm is over, we will not know about the damage.

71. 70 Independent Clause First Comma not needed –You will be sleeping when I get to Phoenix. –The players went out for a pizza after they practiced. –We will not know about the damage until the storm is over.

72. 71 Examples 1.The sky looks as though we might get some snow. –ID 2.Whenever the birds fly south, winter is on the way. –D,I 3.Where there is smoke, there is fire. –D,I

73. 72 Examples 4.If Don is ready on time, he can go to the game with us. D,I 5.Will you wait for me while I speak to Mrs. Meents? ID 6.That car is perfect for me because I can afford its upkeep. ID