1. Cellular Organelles Cellular Transport

2. History 1665 – Robert Hooke – observation of cork cells 1833 – Robert Brown – nucleus discovery

3. Robert Hooke’s work

4. Cell Theory Schleidan, Schwann, Virchow –All organisms made up of one or more cells –Cells are the basic unit of anatomy and physiology –New cells come from existing cells by reproduction

5. 2 basic types of cells prokaryotic eukaryotic

6. Prokaryotic Cells prokaryotic –Pro = before/ kary = nucleus –Oldest known form of life –Very primitive –Small (about 1 micrometer) –No membrane bound organelles –Ex. bacteria

7. Eukaryotic Cells Eu = true Have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus Large (20 – 50) micrometers Specialized organelles carry out cell functions

8. Two main types of eukaryotic cells Plant Cells Animal Cells

9. Plant cell

10. Animal Cell

11. Anatomy and Physiology Cellular organelles found within eukaryotic cells

12. The Nucleus Contains DNA Surrounded by nuclear membrane Brain of the cell

13. Interior of Nucleus Inside are long thin strands of chromatin and nucleic acid

14. Anatomy of nucleus Nucleolus – makes and stores RNA and ribosomes Nuclear membrane – selectively permeable

15. Electron Micrograph of Nucleus

16. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis – free floating or attached to rough ER

17. Mitochondria “Power house” of the cell Enzymes release energy

18. Two membranes Inner membrane – “cristae” – folded like shelves to increase surface area Outer – separates organelle from cytoplasm

19. Electron Micrograph of Mitochondria

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport of protein and lipids

21. Two types Rough ER Smooth ER

22. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Site of protein synthesis Transport to smooth ER

23. Smooth ER No ribosomes Forms vesicle and transports to Golgi apparatus

24. Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Camillio Golgi

25. Function Proteins vesicles enter Carbohydrates are added or material is concentrated (H 2 O removal) New membrane formed and secreted

26. Lysosomes Recycling centers Breaks down worn and damaged cell structures Unaffected by digestive enzyme inside

27. Lysosomes Common in animals

28. Vacuoles Usually fluid filled structures Storage 1. Animals – cytoplasm, temporary storage site, small 2. Plants – very large, hold water 3. Unicellular – digestion, storage, contractile vacuoles remove water and waste

29. Cytoskeleton Miniature internal support system in cytoplasm Composed of microtubules Give cells shape

30. Centrioles Mostly in animals Near nucleus Composed of microtubules Cellular reproduction

31. Plastids Plant cells only Three types –Chloroplast –Leucoplast –Chromoplast

32. Chloroplast Most common Green pigment – chlorophyll Glucose is made

33. 1.Chloroplast 2.Leucoplast – storage or proteins, lipids, starches 3.Chromoplast – yellow, red, and orange pigments

34. http://biology.about.com/library/weekly /aa033000a.htmhttp://biology.about.com/library/weekly /aa033000a.htm www.virtualcell.com

35. Plasma Membrane Protective Barrier Selectively Permeable

36. Structure of membrane Double layer of phospholipid molecules and proteins Constant motion

37. Function Prevents large particles from entering Permits molecules like O 2, CO 2, and H 2 O

38. Cell Wall Composed of cellulose Gives shape and rigidity

39. 3 parts Primary cell wall – soft and flexible Secondary cell wall – develops when cell reaches full size, gives strength Middle Lamella – jellylike polysachharide material called pectin

40. Part II Cellular Transport

41. Regulated by the cell membrane Dependent on the type of solution and concentration gradient

42. 3 Types of Solutions Hypotonic – lower concentration of solutes than solvent Hypertonic – higher concentration of solutes than solvent Isotonic – solution same on both sides of membrane

43. Examples Hypotonic – distilled water + red blood cells Hypertonic – salt water + red blood cells Isotonic – animal red blood cells in 80% water

44. If the cell is in…. Distilled water….the cell will burst Salt water…the cell will shrink

45. 2 Types of Cellular Transport Passive Transport – NO energy required to get materials across concentration gradient Active Transport – energy required

46. 3 types of Passive transport Movement from high concentration to low concentration –Diffusion –Facilitated diffusion –Osmosis

47. Diffusion Movement of molecules in gases and liquids from high concentration to low Ex. Food coloring in water, perfume in air

48. Facilitated diffusion Carrier molecules carry other molecules across concentration gradient –Very few molecules can do this –Proteins carry glucose molecules into red blood cells

49. Osmosis Movement of molecules in liquids by going across a membrane

51. Homeostasis For a cell to survive, it must be able to maintain the process of homeostasis, maintenance of constant internal environment, despite external change

52. Active Transport Energy is required to move materials against the concentration gradient, from low concentration to high 2 types –Endocytosis –Exocytosis

53. Endocytosis Movement “inside” cell –Pinocytosis – cell drinking –Phagocytosis – food particles Ex. Amoeba engulfing food particles encased in vacuoles

54. Exocytosis “outside” of cell –Release of large molecules and waste products, membrane breaks open and vacuole is released