1. Welcome to Seminar for Unit 9 With Professor Kimberly Maring #9

2. Unit 9’s Seminar is about Sigmund Freud and the development of psychoanalysis, antecedent influences on psychoanalysis, treatment methods, criticisms of psychoanalysis, and contributions of psychoanalysis.

3. How were mentally ill people treated before Freud?

4. Prehistoric and Ancient Beliefs Demonology (demonic possession) treated by sorcery Greco-Roman (500 BC – 500 AD) Naturalistic explanations supplanted supernatural Hippocrates believed deviant behavior caused by brain pathology, the dysfunction of brain Middle Ages (5 th – 10 th centuries) Monastic care for the afflicted 15 th – 17 th centuries Institutionalization.

5. The Renaissance (14 th – 16 th centuries) The rise of humanism Humanism: Emphasizes human welfare and the worth/uniqueness of the individual Johann Weyer (1563), German physician challenges witchcraft Reform Movement (18th-19th centuries) Phillippe Pinel, French physician, moral treatment movement: shift to more humane treatment of mentally ill Dorothea Dix, New England school teacher, campaigned for reform legislation, modern mental hospitals.

6. Biological Viewpoint Belief that mental disorders have physical or physiological basis Emil Kraepelin, psychiatrist Symptoms occur in clusters (syndromes) to represent mental disorders, each with a unique cause, course, and outcome. Classified mental disorders based on organic causes: metabolic disturbance, endocrine difficulty, brain disease, heredity Eventually became DSM of APA

7. Led to Pasteur (germ theory)

8. Psychological Viewpoint Psychological and emotional (not biological/organic) factors cause many disorders Friedrich Mesmer, Austrian physician Mesmerism and Hypnotism Jean-Martin Charcot, French neurosurgeon Lead to the the Nancy School Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud Relief by talking about traumatic experiences Cathartic method: Therapeutic use of verbal expression to release pent-up emotional conflicts Behaviorism Stressed conditions that evoke, reinforce, extinguish directly observable behaviors Rooted in laboratory science

9. Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, included the following concepts 9 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures

10. Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the concepts of 1. unconscious mind. 10 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures

11. Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the concepts of 1. unconscious mind 2. psychosexual stages. 11 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures

12. Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the concepts of 1. unconscious mind 2. psychosexual stages 3. defense mechanisms. 12 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures

13. Freud believed that the mind was a reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. 13

14. 14 The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories.

15. Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego). 15

16. What are the psychosexual stages of development?

17. 17

18. What are defense mechanisms?

19. The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. 19 1.Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. 2.Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage.

20. 20 3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex. 4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

21. 21 5.Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. 6.Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

22. 22 7.Denial is unconscious defense mechanism characterized by refusal to acknowledge painful realities, thoughts, or feelings regardless of the reality.

23. Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. 23 Alfred Adler (1870-1937) National Library of Medicine

25. Jung, through analytic psychology, believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance. 25 Carl Jung (1875-1961) Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron

26. By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud’s negativity and the mechanistic psychology of the behaviorists. 26 Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Carl Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.ship.edu

27. What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

28. Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential. 28 http://www.ship.edu Ted Polumbaum/ Time Pix/ Getty Images

29. Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's self-actualization tendencies. He said that Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. 29 Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine © Time Warner, Inc.

30. Littell, T. (2010). Unit 9 Seminar slides. Kaplan University. Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2008). History of psychology. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.