1. PIPELINES greatleadershipbydan.com

2.  Only unidirectional mode of transportation – no backhaul  Transport roughly 57.5% of total intercity ton-miles  26.5% of total domestic ton-miles  Employ roughly 150,000 people

3.  Oil Carriers  Natural Gas Carriers acvoters.org http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=aTTJeTaYDyc

4. westshorepipeline.com

5.  Commodities Hauled  Oil & Oil Products  66% of all pipeline use  Average haul of 800 miles  Natural Gas  Coal  Slurry Lines  Chemicals lacoastpost.com

6.  Relative Advantages  Low rates  Excellent loss & damage record  Dependability  Relative Disadvantages  Slow speed  Highly inflexible  Limited type of freight  Small shipment sizes unavailable  Tenders – minimum shipment sizes ranging from 500 barrels to 10,000 irwachapter12.org

7.  Gathering Lines  8” diameter  Frequently laid on the surface  Temporary in nature  Trunk Lines  30-50” diameter  Typically underground  Permanent in nature  Tank Farms  Finished product storage prior to shipment  Batching Pig  Rubber ball used to separate different grades of oil pigsunlimited.com

8.  Approximately 30% of costs are variable  Remainder are fixed  Must provide own rights-of-way  Must construct pipeline & pumping stations  High preventative maintenance  Highly automated en.wikipedia.org