1. Chapter 3: Minerals & Rocks

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4. Periodic Table of the Elements

6. Ionic radius Anions tend to be larger than cations. The relative sizes of the atoms in their common valence states dictates the three dimensional packing that is possible between cation and anion and, thus, their crystal structure and geometry. Cations–positively charged atoms Anions–negatively charged atoms The charge on the atom is called valence

7. Sodium and chloride ions pack in a cubic structure. Each cation is surrounded by six anions, and vice versa. Chloride ion Sodium ion

8. Sodium and chloride ions pack in a cubic structure. Each cation is surrounded by six anions, and vice versa. Chloride ion Sodium ion NaCl crystal

9. Sodium and chloride ions pack in a cubic structure. Each cation is surrounded by six anions, and vice versa. Chloride ion Sodium ion NaCl crystal Lewis diagram for ionic bond

10. Table salt - halite

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12. Silicate ion (SiO 4 4– ) Oxygen ions (O 2– ) The silicate ion forms tetrahedra. Silicon ion (Si 4+ )

13. Silicate ion (SiO 4 4– ) Oxygen ions (O 2– ) Silicon ion (Si 4+ ) The silicate ion forms tetrahedra. Quartz structure

14. Silicate ion (SiO 4 4– ) Oxygen ions (O 2– ) Silicon ion (Si 4+ ) The silicate ion forms tetrahedra. Quartz structure Lewis diagram for Covalent bonds

15. Silicate ion (SiO 4 4– ) Oxygen ions (O 2– ) Silicon ion (Si 4+ ) The silicate ion forms tetrahedra. Quartz structure Quartz is a silicate polymorph. Tetrahedra can arrange in other ways.

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17. MineralChemical formula Cleavage planes and number of cleavage directions Silicate structure Specimen 1 plane Isolated tetrahedra 2 planes at 90° Single chains 2 planes at 60° and 120° Double chains 1 plane Sheets Olivine Pyroxene Amphibole Micas Feldspars 2 planes at 90° Three-dimensional framework (Mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4 (Mg, Fe)SiO 3 Ca 2 (Mg, Fe) 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Muscovite: KAl 2 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH) 2 Biotite: K(Mg, Fe) 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 2 Orthoclase feldspar: KAlSi 3 O 8 Plagioclase feldspar: (Ca, Na) AlSi 3 O 8

19. Hardness is a property that reflects the strength of the atomic bonding

21. Orthoclase feldspar QuartzBiotite Plagioclase feldspar Rocks are naturally occurring aggregates of minerals. Plagioclase feldspar Orthoclase feldspar Biotite Quartz Rock (granite)

22. IGNEOUS Melting of rocks Type of rock and source material Rock-forming process Example Crystallization Coarsely crystallized granite Classification of rocks–three types

23. IGNEOUS Melting of rocks SEDIMENTARY Weathering and erosion of Exposed rocks Type of rock and source material Rock-forming process Example Crystallization Deposition, burial, and lithification Coarsely crystallized granite Cross-laminated sandstone Classification of rocks–three types

24. IGNEOUS Melting of rocks SEDIMENTARY Weathering and erosion of Exposed rocks METAMORPHIC Rocks under high temperatures and pressures Type of rock and source material Rock-forming process Example Crystallization Deposition, burial, and lithification Recrystallization Coarsely crystallized granite Cross-laminated sandstone Gneiss Classification of rocks–three types

25. Igneous extrusion (lava) Igneous intrusion Igneous rock forming environments

26. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma erupts at the surface. Igneous extrusion (lava) Igneous intrusion Igneous rock forming environments

27. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma erupts at the surface. The resulting rock is fine-grained or has a glassy texture. Igneous extrusion (lava) Igneous intrusion Igneous rock forming environments

28. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma erupts at the surface. The resulting rock is fine-grained or has a glassy texture. Intrusive igneous rocks form when molten rock intrudes into unmelted rock masses. Igneous extrusion (lava) Igneous intrusion Igneous rock forming environments

29. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma erupts at the surface. The resulting rock is fine-grained or has a glassy texture. Intrusive igneous rocks form when molten rock intrudes into unmelted rock masses. The slow cooling process produces coarsely grained rocks. Igneous extrusion (lava) Igneous intrusion Igneous rock forming environments

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31. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Sedimentary rock forming environments

32. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Particles of rock created by weathering…

33. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Particles of rock created by weathering…...are transported downhill by erosion…

34. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Particles of rock created by weathering…...are transported downhill by erosion… …and deposited as layers of sediment…

35. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Particles of rock created by weathering…...are transported downhill by erosion… …and deposited as layers of sediment… …where they form bedding.

36. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Particles of rock created by weathering…...are transported downhill by erosion… …and deposited as layers of sediment… …where they form bedding. Buried sediments lithify. The weight of the sediment deposited at continental margins weighs down upon the ductile mantle. The mantle responds to this additional weight by flowing away from the area of sediment accumulation, thus, making space for more sediments to accumulate.

37. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Particles of rock created by weathering…...are transported downhill by erosion… …and deposited as layers of sediment… …where they form bedding. Buried sediments lithify. Siliciclastic sediments are made of deposited particles.

38. Igneous rock Igneous rock Lake Beach Delta Coral reefs Coral reefs Continental shelf Continental shelf Metamorphic rock Continental margin Particles of rock created by weathering…...are transported downhill by erosion… …and deposited as layers of sediment… …where they form bedding. Buried sediments lithify. Siliciclastic sediments are made of deposited particles. Chemical and biochemical sediments are precipitated from seawater.

39. Aragonite : orthorhombic Calcite : trigonal/rhombohedral Aragonite and calcite are the two most common forms of CaCO 3, called polymorphs. Polymorphs are minerals that have the same chemical formula, but different arrangements of the constituent atoms. Corals, gastropods, forams, coccoliths oysters, cave deposits

43. Banded iron formations (BIFs) chemical sedimentary rock deposited in Precambrian Oceans when dissolved O 2 (g) was very low. Kakabeka Falls, near Thunder Bay

44. Continental crust Continental lithosphere Asthenosphere Trench Oceanic crust Oceanic lithosphere Sediments Hornfels formation Magma Hornfels Contact metamorphism Eclogite Ultra-high- pressure metamorphism Micaschist Regional metamorphism Blueschist High-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism Metamorphic rock types

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47. Rift to drift rock formation in a plate tectonic context

48. Sediments are buried to form sedimentary rocks.

49. Sediments are buried to form sedimentary rocks. Sediment Sedimentary rock

50. Magma rises to form igneous rock. Oceanic crust Continental crust Continental lithosphere

51. Magma rises to form igneous rock. Oceanic crust Continental crust Continental lithosphere Magma Igneous rock

52. Subsidence

53. Subsidence leads to formation of sedimentary rock. Subsidence Sediment Sedimentary rock

55. Magma rises and cools to make igneous rock. Magma Igneous rock

57. Rocks are buried deeper, forming metamorphic rocks. Weathering creates loose material that erosion strips away.

58. Metamorphic rock

60. Layers of sediment lithify to form sedimentary rock.

61. Sediment Sedimentary rock

63. Sediments are buried to form sedimentary rocks and the cycle begins anew.

64. Sediment Sedimentary rock Slide 72 Sediments are buried to form sedimentary rocks and the cycle begins anew.

65. Deformed country rock Geysers and hot springs Plutonic intrusion Magma Groundwater Groundwater dissolves metal oxides and sulfides. Heated by the magma, it rises, precipitating metal ores in joints.

66. Deformed country rock Geysers and hot springs Plutonic intrusion Magma Groundwater Groundwater dissolves metal oxides and sulfides. Heated by the magma, it rises, precipitating metal ores in joints. Vein deposit