1. Cell Division Personal Notes for Final Exam

2. Cells: The Basic Unit of Life. REVIEW – do not write this page. Cells, and thus, all living things can: reproduce. grow and develop becoming capable of reproduction. respond to the outside world. find energy to stay alive. change as their environment changes. move about their environment. be classified as an organism. (Ex. Specialized cells) - if they are specialized, then each cell must have a responsibility for the organism. Intro Video Intro Video

3. Cell Division: (Reproduction) Cells replenish themselves by dividing into identical “daughter” cells…. *To ensure the organism continues to survive.* ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ *To ensure the organism continues to survive.* ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The process of cell division is called MITOSIS. Mitosis can occur in multicellular organisms. - Unicellular organisms (bacteria) generally produce exact copies of themselves because they come from a single parent. - Multicellular organisms have the ability to change their offspring’s features because they come from two separate parents; creating Diploid Cells

4. All Multicellular Cells that divide by Mitosis are called: DIPLOID CELLS: These types of cells reproduce on their own until death or disease affects their proper regenerative systems. A cell must reach maturity to reproduce; grow to have enough organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and nucleus to share. Just like all adult animals. A cell must reach maturity to reproduce; grow to have enough organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and nucleus to share. Just like all adult animals. Diploid Cell IPMAT: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Interphase Early Prophase Late Metaphase Anaphase Anaphase Telophase Telophase Full Mitosis

5. You should try to remember the stages of mitosis, but you need to understand the basics. The mother cell: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A daughter cell is born to repeat the process at maturity.

6. You do not need to remember the stages of mitosis, but you need to understand the basics. The mother cell: 1. matures; 2. duplicates its chromosomes; 3. aligns them at the equator of the cell; 4. the chromosomes separate towards opposite poles; 5. The cell membrane pinches off giving each cell the same amount of organelles and cytoplasm. A daughter cell is born to repeat the process at maturity.

7. Not all cells reproduce by Mitosis. - those that can’t are called Amitotic Cells. Ex. Nerve Cells Others do reproduce, but with an extra step - Sex Cells! It is called MEIOSIS. - Spermatazoon = Male Sperm Cell - Ovum = Female Egg Cell *The only tissue that is not a Somatic Cell is a reproductive cell* Nerve cells take up to 60 years to reproduce! MeiosisMeiosis Video Meiosis

8. But how do Haploid Cells get only half of the chromosomes; 23? Simply must divide a second time to reduce the 46 chromo- somes to 23. 1 st Division 2nd Division REMEMBER FOR THE EXAM!! Know the differences in the Mitosis and Meiosis Diagrams; draw them in your notes from Pg 56. AND copy the next slide’s chart into your notes.

9. Mitosis & Meiosis Characteristics MitosisMeiosis Types of cells  Somatic Cells  Reproductive Cells Functions  Growth and repair of cells  Production of reproductive cells to allow for sexual reproduction Number of chromosomes in daughter cells  23 PAIRS of chromosomes  Diploid cells (2n)  23 chromosomes (a single chromosome from each pair  Haploid cell (n) Review Video: MitosisCell Division Interactive Website Review Video: Meiosis