1. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

2. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 2 AI-TDMA © Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education Consortium All rights reserved. This module, comprising presentation slides with notes, exercises, projects and Instructor Guide, may not be duplicated in any way without the express written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial training materials or for-profit education programs, books, databases, or any kind of software without the written permission of the Global Wireless Education Consortium. Making copies of this module, or any portion, for any purpose other than your own, is a violation of United States copyright laws. Trademarked names appear throughout this module. All trademarked names have been used with the permission of their owners.

3. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 3 AI-TDMA n Partial support for this curriculum material was provided by the National Science Foundation's Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement Program under grant DUE-9972380 and Advanced Technological Education Program under grant DUE ‑ 9950039. n GWEC EDUCATION PARTNERS: This material is subject to the legal License Agreement signed by your institution. Please refer to this License Agreement for restrictions of use.

4. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 4 TDMA Implementation

5. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 5 TDMA History

6. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 6 TDMA Time Slots 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency Amplitude Time 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Time Slot Number

7. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 7 TDMA Network

8. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 8 TDMA Network NMC Interface to other networks MS BTS BS MSC VLR HLR EIR AUC OMC BSC BTS BSC 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 #

9. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 9 TDMA Network Interfaces PSTN LAP-Dm RF Test Equipment 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 # 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 # 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 # BTS BSC MSC U m Interface Not Common Interface Not Common Interface Not Common Interface

10. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 10 TDMA Cell Structure

11. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 11 TDMA Cell Plan 3 6 6 2 2 1 4 5 7

12. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 12 Source Lucent Technologies

13. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 13 TDMA ‘Omni’ Cell Cell Omnidirectional Antenna

14. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 14 Source Lucent Technologies

15. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 15 TDMA Sectored Cell Sector 120 Degree Sectored Antenna Old Cell 3 New Sub Cells

16. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 16 Source Lucent Technologies

17. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 17 TDMA Channels

18. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 18 TDMA Traffic Channel 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 # RDTC Reverse Digital Traffic Channel FDTC Forward Digital Traffic Channel Digital

19. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 19 TDMA Control Channels 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 # Digital DCCH

20. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 20 TDMA Forward Digital Control Channel (FDCCH) n Can use any digital channel n Overhead messages n Initial voice channel designation n Mobile station control n FDCCH is NOT bursted

21. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 21 TDMA Reverse Digital Control Channel (RDCCH) nCan use any digital channel nResponse and confirmation nMessages nCall origination nRDCCH is bursted

22. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 22 TDMA Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) nContinuously present nUsed to send voice quality information

23. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 23 TDMA Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) nUses ‘Blank and Burst’ technique nSends supervisory messages nMainly used for handoff messages

24. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 24 TDMA Handoffs

25. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 25 TDMA Handoff 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 # FDTC ( Forward Digital Traffic Channel) Mobile measures BER & RSSI of FDTC and reports to BS

26. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 26 Types of Handoffs nAnalog to analog nAnalog to digital nDigital to analog nDigital to digital

27. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 27 TDMA Burst Structure

28. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 28 TDMA Burst Amplitude Time 3 symbols 156 symbols 3 symbols 1 symbol = 2 bits

29. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 29 TDMA Burst Data Structure – Reverse Channel 3 3 8 14 61 6 6 61 G R D Sy D S C D Guard Data Synch Data Ramp Up Data SACCH CDVCC 3R3R Ramp Up

30. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 30 TDMA Data Structure – Forward Channel Synch SACCH Reserved Data CDVCC 14 6 65 6 65 6 Sy S D C D Rs Data

31. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 31 TDMA Burst Equalization Training bits of synchronization data Actual received signal

32. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 32 TDMA Power Steps 1 2 4 5 7 8 * 0 3 6 9 # Too much power interference = Low talk time Too little power = Dropped calls Adjusted according to received signal strength

33. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 33 TDMA Digital Verification Color Code n255 unique digital codes nKnown ‘color code’ transmitted by BS nDigital ‘handshake’ between MS and BS

34. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 34 TDMA Signal Flow

35. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 35 TDMA Voice Path Codec Interleave Vocoder Modulate Burst

36. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 36 TDMA Vocoder 2 classes of bits are error corrected in different ways Class 1 bits: Error correction, CRC bits and tail bits added Class 2 bits: No error correction Vocoder 20ms speech makes 160 bits Output 8 kbits/s 2 classes of bits output 8:1 compression

37. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 37 TDMA Interleave Interleave 260 bits 8 kbit/s 260 bits 8 kbit/s 260 bits

38. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 38 TDMA Codec 3 3 8 14 61 6 6 61 G R D Sy D S C D Guard Data Synch Data Ramp Up Data SACCH CDVCC 3R3R Ramp Up

39. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 39 TDMA Modulator Output 48.6 kbits/s  /4 DQPSK Input 8 kbits/sec (Error corrected interleaved) Modulate

40. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 40 TDMA Burst Burst Output  /4 DQPSK (bursted) Input 48.6 kbits/s  /4 DQPSK

41. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 41 TDMA Advantages nCan easily be adapted to transmission of data and voice communication nAllows for smooth migration from analog to digital in a cost- effective manner qSame 30 kHz channel used qDual-mode, dual-band mobile operation nSignificant increase in channel capacity q3:1 with full-rate mobiles and 6:1 with half-rate mobiles nOffers the ability to carry data rates of 64 kbps to 120 mbps (expandable in multiples of 64 kbps) nSeparates users in time, ensuring that they will not experience interference from other simultaneous transmissions

42. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 42 Industry Contributors n Ericsson (http://www.ericsson.com)http://www.ericsson.com n International Engineering Consortium – TDMA Fundamentals Web ProForum Tutorial (http://www.iec.org/tutorials)http://www.iec.org/tutorials n Lucent Technologies, Inc. (http://www.lucent.com)http://www.lucent.com n Telcordia Technologies, Inc (http://www.telcordia.com)http://www.telcordia.com The following companies provided materials and resource support for this module:

43. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 43 Individual Contributors The following individuals and their organization or institution provided materials, resources, and development input for this module: n Chaouki Abdallah qUniversity of New Mexico q http://www.eece.unm.edu http://www.eece.unm.edu n Tad Babij qFlorida International University qhttp://www.fiu.edu/choice.htmlhttp://www.fiu.edu/choice.html n Jeff Cobb qVerizon Wireless qhttp://www.verizonwireless.com/http://www.verizonwireless.com/ n Peter Rha qSan Francisco State University qhttp://www.sfsu.edu/http://www.sfsu.edu/

44. June 2001Copyright 2001 Global Wireless Education ConsortiumAI-TDMA 44 Individual Contributors, cont. nCheng Sun qCal Poly qhttp://www.ee.calpoly.edu/http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/ nRichard Van Cleave qNortel Networks qhttp://www.nortel.com/http://www.nortel.com/ nDave Voltmer qRose-Hulman Institute of Technology qhttp://www.rose-hulman.edu/http://www.rose-hulman.edu/ nModified by Dr. Larry Hash qState University of New York Institute of Technology