1. BRM Projects YETS & near-future consolidation and upgrades Anne Dabrowski On behalf of the Beams Condition and Radiation Monitoring Project 9 th November 2011 CMS Upgrade Workshop A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011

2. BCM1F: – diamond detector – Fast MIP counter – monitoring BSC: – Scintillators. – For Lumi < 3x10 32 cm -2 s -1 – Trigger for HI Active and passive radiation monitoring devices BPTX: – Bunch pickup  trigger Signals, timing BCM2/1L – diamond detector; integrated current measurement – BCM2: inner: 4 diamonds (r=5cm), outer: 8 diamonds (r=28cm) – BCM1L: 4 diamonds (r=4.5cm) – Protection, monitoring possible. PLT – Pixelated diamond tracking detector (PLT) to be installed BCM1F carriage (2013/ 2014) – Install portion of PLT on +Z castor table 2012 as a test setup FSC: ± 59m, ± 85m, ± 114m PU < 10 ; Lumi < 2x10 33 cm -2 s -1 BRM system overview A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 2

3. BRM Functions A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 3 Protection Beam- background monitoring Online- Luminosity Beam arrival time L1 trigger & LHC fill pattern measurement Measure and simulate Radiation in CMS cavern Online Beam- spot

4. BRM Activities in CMS Cavern during the this YETS 2011 / 2012 BCM2 ± 14.4m BCM1F;BCM1L ±1.8m IP BSC ± 10.9m BLM ±16.0m BPTX ± 175.0m TLD Various places Shutdown work, focused on new BLM, BCM2, BSC and TLDs (where ever accessible)  Front face of HF (+Z&-Z),  BCM2 wheels (-Z&+Z),  HF platform (+Z&-Z) and Castor table (+Z&-Z)  open rotating & collar shielding PLT installation on +Z Castor table Details: Divonne TC RetreatDivonne TC Retreat FSC ± 54, 84 and 114 m A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 4 PLT +16.0m

5. Summary of positive consequences of YETS 2011/2012 interventions BCM2 Remove 1 pCVD diamond –Z side, 1 sCVD from +Z side, 1 silicon wafer & all TLDSs An already irradiated diamond can be removed for studies, CCD re-measured, visual inspection, plateau etc New diamond installed to on –Z side for radiation damage studies and improved signal/noise compared to damaged diamonds Benefit from diamond sensor development over the last few years HV filter box replacement – remove the RS10 thresholds – which limits the amount of detector current drawn BLM Additional detector installed for beam loss monitoring Can cross calibrate with other LHC BLMS, used for BCM2 in-situ cross calibration and bench marking of Fluka MC BSC Preserve scintillators against radiation damage for 2012 HI run Potentially install small tiles to recover some beam background monitoring functionality of BSC during p-p running TLDs Measure dose to various parts of CMS detector & bench-mark with Fluka expectations Install new TLDs with higher dynamic range (many we believe are saturated) PLT Gain experience with PLT as a tracking & beam monitoring detector before 2014 installation Note: higher radiation environment than final inner location

6. Summary of medium-term BRM upgrades PLT Install and commission PLT in early 2014 Remove BCM1L / BCM1F and then re-install on the same carriage Fresh diamond sensors should be available for this installation if required BCM1F Faster front-end (presently 30 ns peaking time) Aim for 2014 (during PLT installation) Evaluate additional functionality of BCM1F front-end (Atlas - time over threshold measurement for improved time resolution & 1,2,3 etc. MIP counting?) & need to install additional services? BSC Install “BSC” upgrade detector for high lumi > 10 34 (focus Machine induced background) Use data and Monte-Carlo simulation to identify suitable locations & fluences Converge on most suitable (preferably existing) technologies (Mid-2012) Installation end of LSS1 (Late 2014?) BPTX Move all BPTX functionality into a programmable VME board ? Automatic phase feedback TTC system, adjustment of CLOCK steps 100 ps BCM2/BCM1L Spare diamond sensors Implement improved BE/BI electronics once available (around 2013)

7. 1cm 2 BCM2 Wheel BSC2 Protection of CMS – BCM1L/BCM2 Identical to LHC Beam Loss Monitor system. Only difference: Instead of ionisation chambers diamonds are used as detectors. (Not enough space inside CMS) Readout electronics reliable CMS is +Z / -Z asymmetric due to CASTOR (only on the –Z side only behind BCM2 wheel) Damaging effect on diamonds (pCVD and sCVD) in –Z BCM2 location Some small, but higher than expected damage also seen on +Z side Strong focus in the YETS and beyond to understand this effect from a diamond R&D point of view BCM1L and BCM2 thresholds revisited based on data driven extrapolations channel by channel efficiencies taken into account https://edms.cern.ch/document/1157274/3 Still high signal / noise, loss in efficiency has no impact for CMS in terms of protection

8. Radiation Damage to BCM2 inner during 2011 Plotted is evolution of normalised signal with integrated luminosity. Much higher damage on –Z side. – CASTOR, a very heavy calorimeter, is only on –Z. – Backscattered low energetic neutrons are very damaging. Loss in signal higher than expected. Not yet fully understood. Bulk or metallization? Damage on +Z side (no castor) also higher than Fluka expectations Damage seen on both inner and outer diamonds Castor will be removed in Dec 2011 HF Shielding CASTOR IP BCM2 Only on -Z -Z +Z A. Dabrowski for BRM, Run Co-ordination Workshop 2011 M. Guthoff

9. Protection, YETS + short term consolidation A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 9 BCM2 / BCM1L pCVD diamonds + LHC readout electronics Radiation Damage to diamond Fluka MC, Additional Test Beams YETS - Sensors Remove 1 –Z pCVD sensor, 1+Z sCVD sensor and 1 silicon wafer from BCM2 wheel for inspection & Lab test Replace with new pCVD sensor capitalizing on improved R&D Electronics Follow BE/BI upgrade > 2014 HV filter box work YETS YETS - BLM Install LHC BLM on the +Z & - Z castor table for cross calibration with LHC

10. Beam Background Monitoring A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 10 Muon-Halo Off momentum particles cleaned by collimator system Larger radius Rate relative to collisions ~10 5 (RF and collimator depended) BSC saturates lumi > 3x10 32 cm -2 s -1 New detector required for nominal pp collisions Beam-Gas Interactions of the primary beam protons, with rest gas in the beam pipe (beam-gas interactions) Dominated by inelastic collisions @ small angles “parallel” to the inner pixel detector at low radius relative to collisions ~10 5 (pressure dependent) Since August 2011, normalized beam- gas flux measurement based on BCM1F

11. Beam-Gas A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 11 Muon-Halo Off momentum particles cleaned by collimator system Larger radius Rate relative to collisions ~10 5 and (RF and collimator depended) BSC saturates lumi > 3x10 32 cm -2 s -1 New detector required for nominal pp collisions Beam-Gas Interactions of the primary beam protons, with rest gas in the beam pipe (beam-gas interactions) Dominated by inelastic collisions @ small angles “parallel” to the inner pixel detector at low radius relative to collisions ~10 5 (pressure dependent) Since August 2011, normalized beam- gas flux measurement based on BCM1F Consolidation backend electronics needed during YETS and 2012 Faster pre-amplifier needed for beam background measurement when no non-colliding bunches and intra-bunch measurement needed (2014)

12. Beam-Gas A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 12 Muon-Halo Off momentum particles cleaned by collimator system Larger radius Rate relative to collisions ~10 5 and (RF and collimator depended) BSC saturates lumi > 3x10 32 cm -2 s -1 New detector required for nominal pp collisions Beam-Gas Interactions of the primary beam protons, with rest gas in the beam pipe (beam-gas interactions) Dominated by inelastic collisions @ small angles “parallel” to the inner pixel detector at low radius relative to collisions ~10 5 (pressure dependent) Since August 2011, normalized beam-gas flux measurement based on BCM1F Consolidation backend electronics needed during YETS and 2012 Faster pre-amplifier needed for beam background measurement when no non- colliding bunches and intra-bunch measurement needed (2014) Beam gas measurement sensitive to pressure > 10 -9 mbar

13. Beam Background Monitoring A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 13 Muon-Halo Off momentum particles cleaned by collimator system Larger radius Rate relative to collisions ~10 5 (RF and collimator depended) BSC saturates lumi > 3x10 32 cm -2 s -1 New detector required for nominal pp collisions CMS BSC upgrade brainstorming workshop in July 2011

14. Beam Halo

15. Low luminosity running BSC functionality: – min-bias trigger p-p, and HI & online lumi – beam background monitor – 14 L1 trigger bits BSC Upgrade Workshop in July https://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=148098 to define functionality over a WIDE range of luminosity https://indico.cern.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=148098 HI and p-p have different requirements – HI needs large η range (possibly segmented to study centrality) full Φ coverage MIP sensitive Ideally robust enough to survive p-p (perhaps in "off" condition) – P-p needs MIB (beam-gas and beam-halo) monitor large particle “background” flux from collisions  high granularity – probably not needed for HI in shadow of TAS or far from IP might be better? Due to multiplicity, single MIP sensitivity not so important (except for calibration) < 6 ns resolution for intra-bunch MIB measurement BSC upgrade workshop

16. Outcome BSC upgrade workshop 2 Different Technologies needed HI Technology Removable BSC like structure, put in place for HI only Quartz plates with quartz fibers close to IP Liquid scintillator micro-tubes (possibly filled only for HI) PP Technology Direction sensitive devices (Cerenkov) Timing arrays (reduce albedo, give directionality) Small tiles, possibly multi- telescope, multiple layer liquid scintillator Tracking devices (distinguish tracks coming from machine not IP)

17. LHC parameters – pp: L = 4-7x10 33, Bunch Spacing = 50ns or 25 ns – p-Pb(?): L = 10 29, Rate=200KHz (- Pb-Pb: L = 10 27, Rate=8KHz) Present BSC can cope also with HI runs in 2012 For pp Try to recover Beam Halo measurement (while gaining experience for one of the possible ‘long term’ solutions) Follow up BSC workshop in 2012 to define path for longer term BSC future 2012 Run Alan Bell Marina Giunta 2 different Technologies needed HI Technology Removable BSC like structure, put in place for HI only PP Technology Timing arrays (reduce albedo, give directionality) Small tiles, possibly multi- telescope, multiple layer liquid scintillator

18. For pp – Possible upgrade to be completed during this YETS – Limited time & budget – Right now each BSC tile has a hit at each BX No ‘logic’ possible  Smaller scintillator tiles (using same PMTs) For HI – Present system to be used during 2011 Pb-Pb Run – Used also in 2012 p-Pb Run (inner disks) as back-up to HF trigger Reconnected to PMTs during TS in Oct/Nov 2012  Remove only outer tiles and add clear fiber pig-tails BSC ‘short term’ Future Alan Bell Marina Giunta

19. Next year L~ 4x10 33 →10 x min(L SAT ) → size ~ 1/10 of present tiles Muon-halo ~ flat with radius Minimum bias decreases ~ 1/R Install small tiles on high radius of HF face INFN Bologna accepted to collaborate with BRM group – Will provide part of the material and manpower – Two small prototype tiles delivered to CERN Presently testing in the BRM lab – Depending on results  launch production of small tiles to the built and tested before February 2011 – Demanding schedule Details of project planning presented to the TIG meeting https://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=0&resId=1&materialId=slides&conf Id=159135 https://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?contribId=0&resId=1&materialId=slides&conf Id=159135 Where are we now with small tiles? Pig-tails (not connected) Alan Bell Marina Giunta

20. Online Luminosity from BRM A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 20 BSC HI run Minimum bias 1 BCM1F Since Aug. 2011 Use BPTX AND (12 ns wide) gated with OR BCM1F –Z / +Z Use HF for cross-calibration μ= /Bx ~ 0.15-0.35 during a fill, (1.4-3.3) x10 33 cm -2 s -1 Consolidation of NIM based backend electronics needed PLT Test ½ telescope installation castor +Z table 2012 Detector Commissioning 2012 Develop DAQ for lumi and online beam spot Installation in final location 2013/2014

21. Beam arrival time; CLOCK stability w.r.t beam A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 21 BPTX Functions Bunch fill pattern Software based scope measurement Software consolidation in 2011/2012 Cogging Software based scope measurement T beam 2 - T beam 1 ; T orbit - T beam 1 ; T orbit - T beam 2 Software consolidation & time resolution studies 2011/2012 To L1 Trigger NIM based logic VME based programmable logic solution possible if required … > 2011 Same scope as used for ATLAS

22. Summary of positive consequences of YETS 2011/2012 interventions BCM2 Remove 1 pCVD diamond –Z side, 1 sCVD from +Z side, 1 silicon wafer & all TLDSs New diamond installed to on –Z side for radiation damage studies and improved signal/noise compared to damaged diamonds Benefit from diamond sensor development over the last few years An already irradiated diamond can be removed for studies, CCD re-measured, visual inspection, plateau etc HV filter box replacement – remove the RS10 thresholds – which limits the amount of detector current drawn BLM Additional detector installed for beam loss monitoring Can cross calibrate with other LHC BLMS, used for BCM2 in-situ cross calibration and bench marking of Fluka MC BSC Preserve scintillators against radiation damage for 2012 HI run Potentially install small tiles to recover some beam background monitoring functionality of BSC during p-p running TLDs Measure dose to various parts of CMS detector & bench-mark with Fluka expectations Install new TLDs with higher dynamic range (many we believe are saturated) PLT Gain experience with PLT as a tracking & beam monitoring detector before 2014 installation Note: higher radiation environment than final inner location

23. Summary of medium-term BRM upgrades PLT Install and commission PLT in early 2014 Remove BCM1L / BCM1F and then re-install on the same carriage Fresh diamond sensors should be available for this installation if required BCM1F Faster front-end (presently 30 ns peaking time) Aim for 2014 (during PLT installation) Evaluate additional functionality of BCM1F front-end (Atlas - time over threshold measurement for improved time resolution & 1,2,3 etc. MIP counting?) & need to install additional services? BSC Install “BSC” upgrade detector for high lumi > 10 34 (focus Machine induced background) Use data and Monte-Carlo simulation to identify suitable locations & fluences Converge on most suitable (preferably existing) technologies (Mid-2012) Installation end of LSS1 (Late 2014?) BPTX Move all BPTX functionality into a programmable VME board ? Automatic phase feedback TTC system, adjustment of CLOCK steps 100 ps BCM2/BCM1L Spare diamond sensors Implement improved BE/BI electronics once available > 2013

24. Extra slides

25. TLD’s Function: To measure long term integrated dose around different parts of the the CMS detector Issues:  TLD’s in hard to access locations  Anticipate some TLDs to be saturated and should be replaced by TLDs with higher dynamic range & separate sensitivity to different particle types Work during shutdown: Remove TLDs from as many places as is accessible in beginning of shutdown  Balcony, HF platform, on Radmon detectors, block house, above and below CMS, inside forward shielding etc … Measure TLDs  Send to DESY to be measured Re-install TLDs before closing rotating shielding  Add TLDs with higher dynamic range 10^5 Gy (TLD 800’s)  TLD families sensitive to different particle types (600’s α,β & gamma & 700’s Neutrons) Notes:  All TLD removed & replaced in 2010, ratio dose on the –Z side/+Z side >> 1  Expect 2011 TLD measurements to show similar –Z/+Z asymmetry

26. BRM Functions A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 26 Protection Beam- background monitoring Online- Luminosity Beam arrival time L1 trigger & LHC fill pattern measurement Measure and simulate Radiation in CMS cavern Online Beam- spot

27. Damage potential of spectrum Charged particle flux is the same for +Z and –Z. Neutron flux is factor 100 higher on –Z compared to +Z Neutrons with energies < 100MeV much more damaging. This is the energy range where the neutrons become dominant in the spectrum on -Z. Additional test beam data at low neutron / proton energies needed Work to understand best method to “score” radiation damage in Fluka 40 diamonds installed in CMS provide a valuable sample of detector sensors for radiation damage A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 M. Guthoff S. Mueller M. Guthoff Note y scale, multiplied by bin energy. Total particle flux at low energy much higher 27

28. Luminosity from BCM1F BCM1F suitable for online Lumi measurement. Independent of CMS DAQ. Automatically send to LHC when HF lumi is not available Gate BCM1F (+Z OR) ; (–Z OR) separately with BPTX AND (12ns window) Shown here: BCM1F zero counting mu value, versus HF Lumi. Assume HF is perfect, and calculate equivalent BCM1F lumi calibration constant Not quite linear. Work in progress... Occupancy from BCM1F low, mu ~ 0.15-0.35 during a fill, (1.4-3.3) x10 32 cm -2 s -1 Small offset from fill to fill could be due to loss of detector efficiency and fixed threshold discriminator  many systematic studies ongoing …. Data from about 3 weeks of fills on top of each other A.A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 28

29. BRM Activities in CMS Cavern during the this YETS Anne Dabrowski, for the BRM Group, CMS Technical Coordination YETS planning workshop, 29/09/2011 BCM2 ± 14.4m BCM1F;BCM1L ±1.8m IP BSC ± 10.9m BLM +Z + 16.0m BPTX ± 175.0m TLD Various places Shutdown work, focused on BLM, BCM2, BSC and TLDs (where ever accessible) Must access:  Front face of HF (+Z&-Z),  BCM2 wheels (-Z&+Z),  HF platform (+Z&-Z) and Castor table (+Z&-Z)  open rotating & collar shielding PLT installation on +Z Castor table Do NOT need to access BCM1F and BCM1L during this shutdown – no YOKE Open tasks FSC ± 54, 84 and 114 m A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 29

30. Outlook for 2012 Consolidation: Electronics in S1 Build detector test setups in BRM lab, for hardware upgrade tests and training of new comers Code for scope-based BPTX measurements New installations & commissioning BLM on castor table +Z and -Z PLT … lots of work here BSC-small tiles and muon-halo measurement commissioning New BCM2 –Z diamond Study of the damaged diamond BCM1F 4 LHC collaboration on single particle counting detectors for LHC Systematic studies Radiation damage to diamond sensors HV, threshold scans for all diamonds BCM1F lumi Test beams for radiation damage Fluka MC studies Compare TLDs removed with Fluka simulation ….. Etc etc as you can imagine Lots of work New comers welcome A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 30

31. CMS Protection BCM2 / BCM1L CMS not yet triggered beam abort – Reached 93% of abort on BCM2 (BKDG3). Highest signal ever seen @ CMS on –Z side. Short beam loss event. 22.05.2011 13:52:21 (Geneva time), during injection Event also seen by BLM on right side of CMS, TAN Event duration ~0.1ms Preceded rise in vacuum after the event (this has been seen in other LHC UFO events) Electronics stable, 7 seconds of errors (false abort status, no beam in machine) triggered over > 3 years of operation CMS Beam 1 Beam 2 -Z+Z rightleft A.A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 31

32. -Z +Z BCM2 outer (r=28cm) Plotted is the average of all diamonds an –Z side and +Z side. Diamonds shielded from IP by Hadron Forward calorimeter. – Signal much lower than in BCM2 inner. Similar behaviour to inner diamonds, but initial signal on –Z higher than on +Z. Signal due to CASTOR neutrons is comparable with MIP signal. (Inner diamonds have dominating MIP signal.) HF Shielding CASTOR IP BCM2 A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 32

33. Data compared to expectation Diamond DataPrediction 50% signal after [fb -1 ] Avg -Z inner0.64 Avg +Z inner6.66837 Avg -Z outer0.92 Avg +Z outer9.751080 On –Z inner diamonds are 45% more damaged than outer, on +Z: 38%. Prediction was ~30% (without CASTOR) -Z is damaged factor ~10 times more than +Z. Damage to Diamond much higher than expected. Calculations off by roughly factor 100. Monte Carlo expectations: -Only bulk damage taken into account. -No CASTOR detector present. A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 201133

34. Use BCM1F single crystal diamond detector, 4 sensors on each side, ± 1.8 m from the IP at a radius 4.5 cm from the beampipe. 1 cm 2 active area on both –Z and +Z side. For the beam gas measurement, the measure the particle hit rate in periods when non-colliding bunches, well separated from colliding bunches ( > 900 ns from previous nearest colliding bunch), would pass by the BCM1F detector 12 ns time of flight between –Z and +Z  incoming and outgoing beams can be separately gated Implementation of a local timing gate (8ns wide), based on BPTX that can select either: Incoming Beam 1 Beam Gas events Outgoing Beam 1 Beam Gas events Incoming Beam 2 Beam Gas events Outgoing Beam 2 Beam Gas events Overview CMS BRM Normalized Beam-Gas Flux Measurement Measure online the bunch charge of the non-colliding bunches using the FBCT Measure collision and activation products in 40 ns window before first non-colliding bunch in the bunch train, and scale this measurement to remove “albedo” (collision and activation products) contribution from beam gas measurement. Publish the normalized flux in each of the 4 gates above every second in units of Hz/cm 2 /10 11 particles, as a beam gas flux measurement at the location of the BCM1F detector. A. Dabrowski for BRM, CMS Upgrade Workshop Nov. 2011 34

35. PLT Test Beam Results 35 Preliminary