1. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 1 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning Chapter Two: The Constitution

2. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2 1.Explain how the colonial experience prepared Americans for independence, the restrictions that Britain placed on the colonies, and the American response. 2.Describe the significance of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation, as well as the weaknesses of the Articles. 3.Discuss the most important compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention and the basic structure of the resulting government. 4.Summarize the arguments in favor of and the arguments against adopting the Constitution, and explain why the Bill of Rights was adopted. 5.Describe the process of amending the Constitution and the informal ways in which Constitutional interpretation has changed over time.

3. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 3 Separatists, the Mayflower, and the Compact Significance of the compact Pilgrim beliefs More Colonies, More Government

4. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 4 In 1620, the Mayflower Compact was signed by almost all of the men aboard the Mayflower just before they disembarked at Plymouth, Massachusetts. Was it a constitution? Why or why not? The Granger Collection, NYC

5. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5 British Restrictions and Colonial Reactions The Sugar Act The Stamp Act The First Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress

6. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6 King George III (1738–1820) was king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 until his death in 1820. Under George III, the British Parliament attempted to tax the American colonies. Ultimately, the colonies, exasperated at repeated attempts at taxation, proclaimed their independence on July 4, 1776. Why would Britain attempt to tax the colonists? Painting by William Robinson/Te Crown Estate/The Bridgeman Art Library International

7. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 7 The Resolution for Independence July 4, 1776 – The Declaration of Independence Universal truths Natural rights and social contracts The significance of the Declaration

8. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 8 Benjamin Franklin (left) sits with John Adams while Thomas Jefferson looks on during a meeting outside the Second Continental Congress. What important document came out of that congress? Jean Léon Gerome Ferris/The Granger Collection

9. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 The Rise of Republicanism The Treaty of Paris Unicameral legislatures

10. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10 The Articles of Confederation: Our First Form of Government The Articles establish a government Accomplishments under the Articles Weaknesses of the Articles Shays’ Rebellion and the need to revise the Articles

11. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 11

12. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 12 The minutemen were members of a colonial militia that was ready to fight the British at a moment’s notice. Why did the Continental Congress later turn the militia into an army? MPI/Getty Images

13. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 13 Who Were the Delegates? Upper-class, relatively young, educated The Working Environment Factions among the Delegates

14. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 14 Politicking and Compromises The Virginia Plan The New Jersey Plan The “Great Compromise” The Three-Fifths Compromise The slave trade and the future of slavery Other issues

15. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 15 George Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Why might he have been chosen for this position? Bettmann/Corbis

16. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 16 Working toward Final Agreement The Madisonian Model – separation of powers The Madisonian Model – checks and balances The development of the Madisonian Model The executive The Electoral College

17. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17

18. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 18 The Final Document A federal system A novel form of government

19. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 19 The Federalists Push for Ratification The Federalist Papers The Anti-Federalist response The March to the Finish

20. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 20 Patrick Henry (1736–1799) A revolutionary-era leader, Henry was a member of the Continental Congress and twice governor of Virginia. He and other Anti- Federalists opposed the new Constitution. What kinds of arguments did the Anti-Federalists make? Hulton Archive/Getty Images

21. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 21 Did the Majority of Americans Support the Constitution? Beard’s thesis State ratifying conventions Support was probably widespread

22. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 22 The Bill of Rights A “Bill of Limits” Was a Bill of Rights necessary? Madison drafts the bill Adoption of the Bill of Rights

23. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 23 The Formal Amendment Process Many amendments proposed, few accepted Time limits on ratification The National Convention provision

24. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 24

25. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 25 Informal Methods of Constitutional Change Congressional legislation Presidential actions Judicial review Interpretation, custom, and usage

26. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 26 U.S. Supreme Court justices are (first row, left to right) Justice Clarence Thomas, Justice Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John Roberts, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, (second row, left to right) Justice Sonia Sotomayor, Justice Stephen G. Breyer, Justice Samuel Alito, Justice Elena Kagan. Steve Petteway, The Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States/Wikimedia Commons

27. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 27 Click picture to view video

28. Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 28 1.Does the process described in this video represent a formal or an informal method of constitutional change? 2.What would the framers think about government surveillance of private phone records? What do you think?