1. The Rhetorical Situation

2. The Real World Contexts for Communication Authors have a purpose for writing. They have a subject, assigned or chosen. They use a medium (language, words, or images). They may have a specific, real audience they are writing for. They write within a specific context.

3. World of the Text Voice, Persona, Role, Presentation of Self Audience- Target Implied, or Assumed Subject Medium Language Images

4. Aristotle’s Terms ETHOS (of the speaker) PATHOS (affecting the audience) LOGOS (presentation of the subject)

5. Aristotle’s Appeals Ethical appeal: “good person speaking well”; authority of the speaker Logical appeal: focus on the subject, logical argument Pathetic appeal: move the audience through emotions

6. Different Genres Emphasis on Author: Writing for oneself in a diary or journal Emphasis on Subject: Science, journalism Emphasis on Language: Poetry Emphasis on Audience: Advertisements, popular fiction or movies

7. Author in the Text Voice Persona Presentation of Self Role Narrator (in fiction especially) who may be Reliable or Unreliable Narrative Point of View—first person, omniscient, etc.

8. Rhetorical Terms: Tone Sense of distance between the author and the audience Sense of the attitude of the author toward the audience and the subject Terms: Intimate, casual, formal, lofty, friendly, condescending, ironic, etc.

9. Rhetorical Stance The author’s positioning himself/herself in relationship to the other elements to achieve a specific purpose within a specific context. The author chooses language, organization, and other elements to suit a particular situation and audience.

10. Audience in the Text Target Audience Intended Audience Assumed Audience Implied Audience Should be distinguished from the REAL Audience