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2.  Blood transports O2, nutrients to tissues and CO2 to lungs and other products of metabolism to kidneys. 2

3.  Blood Volume: - Men - 5.5 LITERS - Women - 5 LITERS 3

4.  Blood Composition  Blood consists of liquid PLASMA, in which cellular elements are present.  Cellular Elements are -- Red Blood Cells(RBC) or Erythrocytes -- White Blood Cells (WBC) or Leukocytes -- Platelets or Thrombocyte 4

5.  Normal Value  Red Blood Cell [RBC] – 5 millions / mm3  Hemoglobin [Hb] – 15 gm / dl  White Blood Cell [WBC] – 4000-11000/mm3  Platelet – 150,000-400,000 /mm3 5

6.  In Blood we have - Plasma – 55% ( 3 liters). - Cells – 45%  Packed cell volume is called ‘Hemotocrit’.  In Hemotocrit, most of the cells are RBC. 6

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8.  We will discuss:  Plasma  RBC or Erythrocyte  WBC or Leukocyte  Platelets or Thrombocyte 8

9.  Plasma is transport medium for inorganic and organic substances.  Plasma Composition: - Water – 90% - Electrolytes [1%]– mainly Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3-, Ca2+ - Plasma protein [6-8%] - Organic Substances - Glucose, Amino acids, Lipids, Vitamins - Waste products – urea, creatinine - Dissolved gases – O2 and CO2 - Hormones 9

10.  Plasma protein present are: - Albumin – helps in transport of substances - Globulin i. Alpha Globulin – blood clotting factors ii. Beta Globulin – blood clotting factors iii. Gamma Globulin – for defense of body - Fibrinogen – helps in blood clotting  Most of the plasma protein are synthesized in liver. 10

11.  RBC have hemoglobin inside which transports O2.  RBC are biconcave disc.  RBC diameter – 8 um  RBC life span – 120 days 11

12.  WBC work as mobile defense units and are transported in the blood to the site of infection.  WBC work as immune system also. 12

13. 13 WBC FUNCTION 1. Neutrophil (60-70%) Phagocytosis (engulf bacteria) 2. Eosinophil (1-4%) Important in allergic reactions 3. Basophil (0.5-1%) Important in allergic reactions and have heparin 4. Lymphocytes (25-33%) For immunity 5. Monocyte (2-8%) Tissue macrophage

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15.  Platelets are important for hemostasis i.e. they prevent blood loose from damaged blood vessels. 15

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17.  Anemia – decrease in RBC & Hb  Polycythemia – increase in RBC & Hb  Leukocytosis – increase in WBC count (more than 11,000 /mm3  Leukopenia – decrease in WBC count (less than 4000 /mm3  Thrombocytosis – increase in platelet count  Thrombocytopenia – decrease in platelet count 17

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19.  Blood is transported to all parts of the body through blood vessels to supply O2, nutrition and remove the waste products e.g. CO2, Urea.  Oxygenated blood is pumped by left ventricle to Aorta and goes to blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrition to body.  Blood is returned to right side of the heart as Deoxygenated blood through veins. 19

20.  The vascular tree consists of: 1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins 20

21.  Large arteries act as pressure reservoir.  Has thick, highly elastic wall.  Has elastic fibers in the wall.  Has large radius.  Take blood from heart to the organs. 21

22.  Arterioles are highly muscular (smooth muscle).  Have small radius.  Are major resistance vessels.  Have no elastic fiber. 22

23.  Capillaries are thin walled, have endothelial lining only between blood and tissues.  Are exchange vessels.  Bring blood within reach of every cell.  10 billions in number. 23

24.  Veins are thin walled as compared to arteries.  Bring blood to heart.  Act as blood reservoir (65% of blood is in veins).  As they can store blood, they are called ‘ CAPACITANCE VESSELS ’. 24

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27.  Normal Pulse Rate – 72 beats/min (range 60-100 beats/min)  Normal Blood Pressure (BP) – 120/80 mmHg (range for systolic BP – 100-140 mmHg) (range for diastolic BP – 60-90 mmHg)  Hypertension (high blood pressure) – when BP is above 140/90 mmHg.  Hypotension (low blood pressure) – when BP is below 100/60 mmHg. 27

28.  Composition of Blood - Plasma - Cells  Composition of Plasma and Types of Cells Present [RBC, WBC, Platelets]  Normal Values for Hb, RBC, WBC, PLT  Different types of WBC [N,E,B,L,M] and their Function  Blood Vessels - Arteries – pressure vessel - Arterioles – resistance vessel - Capillary – exchange vessel - Veins – capacitance vessel or blood reservoir  Normal Blood Pressure, Hyper tension, Hypo tension  Normal Heart rate  Clinical terms – Anemia, Polycythemia, Leukocytosis, Leukopenia, Thrombocytosis, Thrombocytopenia 28

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