1. Turns (pg. 60-65 FTM) Objective
To teach gentle, medium, steep, climbing and descending turns
Turns to selected headings

2. Table Of Contents Objective Motivation Review EBK:
Forces in a Turn
Load Factor
Gentle and Medium Turns
Climbing and Descending Turns
Adverse Yaw – Aileron drag
Coordinated Turns
Steep Turns
Slipping Turns
Instruments – HDG, AI, turn coordinator
Rate 1 turn
Instructor and Student Practice
Safety – Speed, climbing turns, rudder look-out

3. Definitions Motivation
Lift– The upwards force causing the airplane to fly
Centrifugal Force – Draws a rotating body away from the center of rotation
Centripetal Force - Draws a rotating body towards the center of rotation
Motivation
Different situations: level, climbs, descents, box canyon…
Collision avoidance (steep turns)

4. Review What procedures to use to climb over mountain?
How would we descend on the other side of the mountain?
Show me a banked left attitude.
Give an example of a combination attitude.
Why do we neutralize the ailerons when we reach our desired bank angle?
Why is p-factor or asymmetric thrust increased in nose up attitudes?

5. Forces in a Turn Lift Vertical Component of Lift
Horizontal Component of Lift and Centripetal force
Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal force and weight
Weight
Pg. 60 FTM
Lift decreases in a turn
Centrifugal force pushes out
Centripetal force pushes in

6. Gentle and Medium Turns
Gentle Turns – up to 15°
Rate of turn decreases with increasing airspeed
Radius of turn increases with airspeed
Medium Turns – 15° to 30 °
Rate of turn increases with bank angle
Radius of turn decreases with bank angle

7. Climbing and Descending turns
Start in S&L flight or nose up / nose down attitude
Constant climb or descent rate maintained
Power added in climbing turns to achieve nose up attitude
Power reduced in descending turns to achieve nose down attitude
Descending turns angle of bank remains constant
Climbing turns angle of bank increases (outer wing moves faster & higher AOA) – aileron adjustments
Only gentle turns in nose up attitude

8. Load Factor
Load factor = actual load on wings / gross weight (G force)
Load factor = 1/ cos(angle of bank)
Increases with bank angle
S&L flight = 1G
60 bank = 2G

9. Adverse Yaw – Aileron drag
Read pg. 9 in FTM
Momentary yaw in opposite direction of turn
Only when aileron input is used
Rudder input in same direction as turn
Increased on abrupt aileron movements or reduced airspeeds
Yaw
Turn direction

10. Coordinated Turns No sideways acceleration or slip
Aileron drag in entry and exit of turn
Rudder to correct yaw
Elevator backpressure to maintain altitude
Ball centered in turn coordinator

11. Steep Turns Over 30 bank, evasive action Sharpens pilot skills
Need more power and
backpressure than in gentle and
medium turns
Increase in induced drag need
power to prevent stall

12. Slipping Turns Skidding turns – too much rudder
Slipping turns – not enough rudder
not coordinated
In a slip step on the ball
In a skid use less rudder

13. Instruments Attitude indicator gives visual reference to horizon
Heading indicator shows direction of turn
Turn coordinator shows bank angle
Helps flying properly coordinated turns
Step on the ball

14. Rate 1 Turn 3 degrees per second standard turn used for IFR
ATC expects rate 1

15. Instructor and Student Practice
Left Turn
1. Cruise Attitude (wings level)
2. Rotate CC left
3. Neutralize CC
4. Control Yaw
Maintaining:
5. Back Pressure
6. Confirm Instruments (Heading, TC)
Recovery:
7. Rotate CC right
8. Control Yaw
9. Neutralize CC
10. Confirm desired heading and wings level
Right Turn
1. Cruise Attitude (wings level)
2. Rotate CC right
3. Neutralize CC
4. Control Yaw
Maintaining:
5. Back Pressure
6. Confirm Instruments (Heading, TC)
Recovery:
7. Rotate CC left
8. Control Yaw
9. Neutralize CC
10. Confirm desired heading and wings level

16. Instructor and Student Practice
Descending Turn
1. Nose down Attitude (wings level)
2. Rotate CC left/right
3. Neutralize CC
4. Back Pressure
5. Control Yaw
Maintaining:
6. Control Ailerons
7. Confirm Instruments (Heading, TC)
Recovery:
8. Rotate CC opposite direction
9. Control Yaw
10. Neutralize CC
11. Confirm desired heading and wings level
12. Back pressure on CC
13. Confirm cruise attitude
Climbing Turn
1. Nose up Attitude (wings level)
2. Rotate CC left/right
3. Neutralize CC
4. Back Pressure
5. Control Yaw
Maintaining:
6. Control Ailerons
7. Confirm Instruments (Heading, TC)
Recovery:
8. Rotate CC opposite direction
9. Control Yaw
10. Neutralize CC
11. Confirm desired heading and wings level
12. Forward pressure on CC
13. Confirm cruise attitude

17. Instructor and Student Practice
Steep Turn
1. Cruise Attitude (wings level)
2. Rotate CC in direction of turn
3. Add Power at 30 of bank
4. Neutralize CC
5. Back Pressure
6. Control Yaw
Maintaining:
6. Back Pressure
7. Add reduce power
8. Confirm Instruments (Heading, TC)
Recovery (30 before heading) :
9. Rotate CC opposite direction of turn
10. Control Yaw
11. Reduce Power
12. Neutralize CC
13. Confirm desired heading and wings level

18. Instructor and Student Practice
Box Canyon
1. Cruise Attitude (wings level)
2. Slow to 70 KTS 20 flaps approx 2000 RPM
3. Rotate CC in direction of turn
4. Neutralize at medium turn 30 of bank
5. Add Power at 30 of bank
6. Neutralize CC
7. Back Pressure
8. Control Yaw
9. Confirm Instruments (Heading, TC)

19. Safety Good lookout HASEL check for steep turns
Tendency to roll towards higher angle of bank
Climbing turns only gentle angles of bank
Reduced visibility in nose up attitudes
Carburetor heat application outside of green arc
Keep coordinated with rudder
Slow down for box canyon turns
Steep turn may be inappropriate for head on collision avoidance if too close, climb or descend instead

20. Review Why does turning radius decrease as angle of bank increases?
Why do we apply back pressure when entering a turn?
Why is it important to control yaw in turns?
How is aileron drag produced?
Homework
Please read exercise 10 range and endurance (pg FTM) for the next lesson