1. Principles of Ecology Chapter 4, Section 1 Chapter 5, Section 1

2. Chapter 4, Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships Ecologists study different species in their natural environment. Organisms depend on living and nonliving factors in their environment for survival. Things like: – Food sources, and – Shelter Ecology is the study of how living things interact with one another and with their environment.

3. The Biosphere The portion of Earth that supports life. Biotic factors – the living (and once living) factors in an organisms environment. – Organisms need other organisms to reproduce. – Organisms depend on other living things for food. Abiotic factors – the non-living factors in an organisms environment that are necessary for its survival. – Temperature, air, sunlight, soil type, water, rocks, etc.

5. Ecosystems are Open Systems! Ecosystems are not isolated from each other. They do not have clear boundaries. Things move from one ecosystem to another. Example: A green turtle that lives off the shores of Miami, Florida swims 90 miles to an island off the coast of Cuba to lay her eggs every summer. She travels from one ecosystem to another.

6. Levels of Organization The biosphere is large and complex so ecologists organize living things into levels: – Organism – an individual living thing. – Species – a group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring. – Population – all of the members of a species that live in the same place at the same time. – Community – groups of different species that live in the same place and interact with each other. http://glencoe.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0078802849/student_view0/unit1/chapter2/co ncepts_in_motion.html#

7. ORGANISM

8. Ecosystem Interactions A habitat is an area where an organism lives. A habitat might be a single tree for an organism (like the bug in the picture below). Or it could be a coral reef, or a rainforest, or a desert. What other types of habitats are there?

9. Assignment Complete questions #1-6 on page 102. YES, THIS IS FOR A GRADE!! WHEN YOU ARE DONE, TURN YOUR PAPER IN TO THE APPROPRIATE CLASS INBOX. READ PAGES 125-131.

10. Chapter 5, Section 1: Energy Flow in Ecosystems Organisms cannot survive without a constant source of energy. You are a living organism. You get your energy from the foods you eat. Many of the foods you eat come from plants. Where do plants get their energy from?

11. Life Depends on the Sun When energy from the sun enters an ecosystem, plants use the sunlight to make sugar molecules in a process called photosynthesis: Solar energy + carbon dioxide + water = sugar molecules (called carbohydrates), and oxygen

12. Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO 2 6H 2 O Solar energy C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 carbohydrate

13. The Flow of Energy from Plants to Animals:

14. When animals eat a plant……. Some of the energy is transferred from the plant to the animal. Organisms use this energy to move, grow, and reproduce.

15. From Producers to Consumers A producer is an organism that makes its own food. – Also called autotrophs. – Plants, bacteria, algae A consumer is an organism that gets its energy from eating other organisms. – Also called heterotrophs. Clover plant > Rabbit > Coyote Name the producer. Name the consumer.

16. 4 Types of Consumers in an Ecosystem: 1. Herbivores – consumers that eat only producers (animals that eat only plants). – Rabbits, sheep, cows, deer, grasshoppers, etc. 2. Carnivores – consumers that eat other consumers. – Lions, hawks 3. Omnivores – eaters of plants and animals. – Bears, pigs, cockroaches, humans 4. Decomposers – consumers that get their food by breaking down dead organisms. – Bacteria and fungi

17. Energy Transfer

18. Food Web Energy flow in an ecosystem is more complex than energy flow in a simple food chain. A food web shows many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem:

20. Trophic Levels Each step through which energy is transferred is called a trophic level: – Primary – Secondary – Tertiary – Quaternary Each time energy is transferred from one organism to another, some of the energy is lost as heat and less energy is available to organisms at the next level.

21. Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration: 6CO 2 6H 2 Oenergy C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 Cellular Respiration: Carbohydrates + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

22. Energy Pyramids Times

23. How Energy Loss Affects an Ecosystem: The decreased amount of energy at each trophic level affects the organization of an ecosystem. – Because so much energy is lost at each level, there are fewer organisms at the higher trophic levels.